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Three-dimensional face recognition (3D face recognition) is a modality of facial recognition methods in which the three-dimensional geometry of the human face is used. It has been shown that 3D face recognition methods can achieve significantly higher accuracy than their 2D counterparts, rivaling fingerprint recognition.
3D face recognition has the potential to achieve better accuracy than its 2D counterpart by measuring geometry of rigid features on the face. This avoids such pitfalls of 2D face recognition algorithms as change in lighting, different facial expressions, make-up and head orientation. Another approach is to use the 3D model to improve accuracy of traditional image based recognition by transforming the head into a known view. Additionally, most 3D scanners acquire both a 3D mesh and the corresponding texture. This allows combining the output of pure 3D matchers with the more traditional 2D face recognition algorithms, thus yielding better performance (as shown in FRVT 2006).
The main technological limitation of 3D face recognition methods is the acquisition of 3D image, which usually requires a range camera. Alternatively, multiple images from different angles from a common camera (e.g. webcam[1]) may be used to create the 3D model with significant post-processing. (See 3D data acquisition and object reconstruction.)[2] This is also a reason why 3D face recognition methods have emerged significantly later (in the late 1980s) than 2D methods. Recently[when?] commercial solutions have implemented depth perception by projecting a grid onto the face and integrating video capture of it into a high resolution 3D model. This allows for good recognition accuracy with low cost off-the-shelf components.
3D face recognition is still an active research field, though several vendors offer commercial solutions.
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Nirav Sanghani (March 28, 2007). "Bioscrypt Introduces 3D Face Recognition Camera". DailyTech.
- ^ "Digiteyezer - iFace3D". Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-11-07.
- Okuwobi, I. P.; Chen, Q; Niu S.; et al. (2016). "Three-dimensional (3D) facial recognition and prediction". Signal, Image and Video Processing. 10 (6): 1151–1158. doi:10.1007/s11760-016-0871-z. S2CID 11211308.
- Bronstein, A. M.; Bronstein, M. M.; Kimmel, R. (2005). "Three-dimensional face recognition". International Journal of Computer Vision. 64 (1): 5–30. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.77.9592. doi:10.1007/s11263-005-1085-y. S2CID 670151.
- Heseltine, T.; Pears, N.; Austin, J. (2008). "Three-dimensional face recognition using combinations of surface feature map subspace components". Image and Vision Computing. 26 (3): 382–396. doi:10.1016/j.imavis.2006.12.008.
- Kakadiaris, I. A.; Passalis, G.; Toderici, G.; Murtuza, N.; Karampatziakis, N.; Theoharis, T. (2007). "3D face recognition in the presence of facial expressions: an annotated deformable model approach". IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 13 (12).
- Queirolo, C. C.; Silva, L.; Bellon, O. R.; Segundo, M. P. (2009). "3D Face Recognition using Simulated Annealing and the Surface Interpenetration Measure". IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 32 (2): 206–19. doi:10.1109/TPAMI.2009.14. PMID 20075453. S2CID 12411479.
- Gupta, S.; Markey, M. K.; Bovik, A. C. (2010). "Anthropometric 3D Face Recognition". International Journal of Computer Vision. 90 (3): 331–349. doi:10.1007/s11263-010-0360-8. S2CID 10679755.
- A. Rashad, A Hamdy, M A Saleh and M Eladawy, "3D face recognition using 2DPCA", (IJCSNS) International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security,Vol.(12),2009. http://paper.ijcsns.org/07_book/200912/20091222.pdf
- Spreeuwers, L.J. (2015). "Breaking the 99% barrier: optimisation of 3D face recognition". IET Biometrics. 4 (3): 169–177. doi:10.1049/iet-bmt.2014.0017. S2CID 195254.
- Spreeuwers, L.J. (2011). "Fast and Accurate 3D Face Recognition Using Registration to an Intrinsic Coordinate System and Fusion of Multiple Region classifiers". International Journal of Computer Vision. 93 (3): 389–414. doi:10.1007/s11263-011-0426-2.
External links edit
- CVPR 2008 Workshop on 3D Face Processing
- Face Recognition Grand Challenge
- Face Recognition Homepage
- 3D Face Recognition Project and Research Papers
- Technion 3D face recognition project
- Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories 3D face recognition project Archived 2006-11-09 at the Wayback Machine
- L-1 Identity commercial 3D face recognition system
- Fast 3D scan technology for 3D face recognition at the Geometric Modelling and Pattern Recognition Group, UK
- 3D Face Recognition Using a Deformable Model at the Computational Biomedicine Lab, Houston, TX
- 3D Face Recognition Using Photometric Stereo, UK