The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross: A Study of the Nature and Origins of Christianity Within the Fertility Cults of the Ancient Near East is a 1970 book about the linguistics of early Christianity and fertility cults in the Ancient Near East. It was written by John Marco Allegro (1923–1988).[1][2]
 Cover of the first edition | |
| Author | John M. Allegro |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Subject | Language, Fertility cults, Christianity, Ancient Near East |
| Publisher | Hodder and Stoughton Ltd |
Publication date | 1970 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print (Hardback) |
| Pages | 253 (third edition) |
| ISBN | 0-349-10065-9 |
Theories
editThe book relates the development of language to the development of myths, religions, and cultic practices in world cultures. Allegro argues, through etymology, that the roots of Christianity, and many other religions, lay in fertility cults, and that cult practices, such as ingesting visionary plants to perceive the mind of God, persisted into the early Christian era, and to some unspecified extent into the 13th century with reoccurrences in the 18th century and mid-20th century, as he interprets the fresco of the Plaincourault Chapel to be an accurate depiction of eucharistic ritual ingestion of Amanita muscaria. Allegro argued that Jesus never existed as a historical figure but was rather a mythological creation of early Christians under the influence of psychoactive mushroom extracts such as psilocybin.[1]
His unconventional claims have been subject to ridicule and scorn. As Time magazine put it in an article headed "Jesus as mushroom":[3]
To some biblical scholars in Britain, the new book looked like the psychedelic ravings of a hippie cultist. To others, it was merely an outlandish hoax. One described it as reading "like a Semitic philologist's erotic nightmare."[3]
Reaction
editThe book has been described as "notorious" and as "one of the strangest books ever published on the subject of religion and pharmacology".[4] There was a media frenzy when it was published in 1970. This caused the publisher to apologize for issuing it and forced Allegro's resignation from his university position.[1][5] Judith Anne Brown suggested that the book was "difficult to read and difficult to summarize, because he follows clues that criss-cross different cultures and lead into many-layered webs of association".[5] Mark Hall writes that Allegro suggested the Dead Sea scrolls all but proved that a historical Jesus never existed.[6][clarification needed] Philip Jenkins writes that Allegro was an eccentric scholar who relied on texts that did not exist in quite the form he was citing them, and calls the Sacred Mushroom and the Cross "possibly the single most ludicrous book on Jesus scholarship by a qualified academic".[7]
Reconsideration
editSome studies of Allegro's work have given new purported evidence and led to calls for his theories to be re-evaluated by the mainstream.[8] In November 2009 The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross was reprinted in a 40th anniversary edition with a 30-page addendum by Prof. Carl A. P. Ruck of Boston University.[9] A more articulate exposition of Allegro's insights into early Christianity and his discoveries studying the Dead Sea Scrolls was published in his 1979 book The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Christian Myth.
The work of Allegro also gained recognition and consideration by proponents of experiential psychedelia through pharmacological interaction as Terence McKenna, who cited Allegro's claims of certain psychoactive fungi analogizing the Eucharist, spoken in a live lecture in the 1990s.[5]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Flint, Peter & VanderKam, James (2005). The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Their Significance For Understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 324–. ISBN 978-0-567-08468-2.
- ^ Allegro, John M. & Irvin, J. R. (2009). The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross: A Study of the Nature and Origins of Christianity Within the Fertility Cults of the Ancient Near East. Gnostic Media Research & Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9825562-7-6.
- ^ a b "Religion: Jesus as Mushroom", Time, 8 June 1970.
- ^ Taylor, Joan E. (2012). The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea. Oxford University Press. p. 305. ISBN 978-0-19-955448-5.
- ^ a b c Brown, Judith Anne (2005). John Marco Allegro: The Maverick Of The Dead Sea Scrolls. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-8028-2849-1.
- ^ Hall, Mark. "Foreword", in Allegro, John M. The Dead Sea Scrolls & the Christian Myth. Prometheus 1992, first published 1979, p. ix.
- ^ Jenkins, Philip (2002). "Hidden Gospels". Oxford University Press, p. 180, ISBN 0195156315.
- ^ Hoffman, Michael (2006) "Wasson and Allegro on the Tree of Knowledge as Amanita". Journal of Higher Criticism.
- ^ Allegro, John M. (2009) The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross, 40th anniversary edition, Gnostic Media, ISBN 978-0-9825562-7-6.
Further reading
edit- King, John C. (1970), A Christian View of The Mushroom Myth, London, UK: Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN 978-0340125977
External links
edit- Conjuring Eden: Art and the Entheogenic Vision of Paradise Archived 2019-02-08 at the Wayback Machine, Entheos: Vol. 1 Issue 1, Summer 2001. By Carl A. P. Ruck, Blaise D. Staples, Mark Hoffman – images on entheomedia.org
- The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross at Goodreads.com