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Swedification refers to the spread and/or imposition of the Swedish language, people and culture or policies which introduced these changes. In the context of Swedish expansion within Scandinavia, Swedification can refer to both the integration of Scania, Jemtland and Bohuslen in the 1600s and governmental policies regarding Sámi, Tornedalians and Finns during the 1800s and 1900s.
Swedification of Scania
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As part of the Treaty of Roskilde at the end of the Second Northern War, all areas in the historical region of Skåneland were ceded by Denmark-Norway to the Swedish Empire in early 1658. For the Swedish Empire, it was important to integrate these new subjects and to make the Scanians feel Swedish, rather than Danish. On 16 April 1658, representatives of Scania, Blekinge and Halland's nobility, citizens, clergy and peasants gathered in Malmö to swear fealty to Charles X Gustav. The king was not present but was represented by an empty chair surrounded by Swedish soldiers.[1]
In 1662, Sweden aligned taxes and regulations in Scania with other parts of Sweden. Some of the new rules were very different from previous Danish practice; for example, the lilla tullen ("the small customs"), which charged a tax for all goods brought into cities. Other changes required each city council to have least two Swedish-born members. At the same time, inhabitants of Scania received representation in the Riksdag, unlike other areas that had been conquered by the Swedish Empire.[2]
When Charles X Gustav landed in Helsingborg in 1658, he met Bishop Peder Winstrup from Lund on the pier, who became a driving force for the establishment of the University of Lund as a Swedish counterweight to the University of Copenhagen. In 1666, the former was established under the name "Regia Academia Carolina", and its official opening ceremony took place in January 1668.
About two decades after the Treaty of Roskilde, Sweden sought to more fully implement Scania, including enforcing changes to the church and local language.[3] In 1681, local priests aligned with the Church of Sweden and court documents and ecclesiastical correspondence increasingly adopted more standard Swedish grammatical features.[3]
During the Scanian War in the late 1670s, pro-Danish Snapphane fighters aided the Danish invasion. This led to a campaign to capture, torture and execute those who would not swear allegiance to the Swedish king. The policy was effective and by 1709 when Denmark again moved to invade Scania after the Battle of Poltava local militias resisted the effort.[4]
When the Scanian War began in 1675, some 180,000 people lived in Scania. By 1718, only 132,800 were left. Some snapphane fled to Denmark; some 30,000 Scanian boys were sent to the Swedish army, many of whom were relocated to the Baltics. At the same time, Swedes were encouraged to take over Scanian farms and marry Scanian women.[5]
Swedification of Sámi, Finns and Tornedalians
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Beginning in 1846, Sweden adopted policies designed to define and control its northern region, and to integrate its Sámi, Finnish and Tornedalian (often simply called Finns in older sources) populations with the Swedish nation. Although censuses began delineating among Sámi, Finns, and Swedes as early as 1805, throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, these definitions changed based on language, occupation, religion, paternal line, and name.[6]
For Sámi, different groups were segregated into reindeer herders, who continued a more nomadic life and were considered less developed, and farmers who were deemed by the government to be Swedes and not Sámi. This Lapp skall vara Lapp (lit. 'Lapp shall be Lapp') policy forced different schooling on settled children versus nomadic children.[7] By the late 1800s, Swedish became the sole language of instruction in the Torne Valley, which was populated largely by Meänkieli speakers.[8] In the 1930s, boarding schools were set up for Tornedalian and Sámi children, where they were barred from speaking their native languages and encouraged to adopt "civilized" norms.[9][10]
These Swedification policies ended in the late 1970s as Sweden officially recognized Sámi as an indigenous people of Sweden. In 2009, the Riksdag passed the Language Law ("Språklag" SFS 2009:600), which recognized Sámi languages and Meänkieli as official minority languages of Sweden, ensuring the right to use these languages in education and administrative proceedings.[11]
In 2020, Sweden funded the establishment of an independent truth commission to examine and document past abuse of Sámi by the Swedish state.[12] A parallel commission to examine past treatment of Tornedalians was also established.[13]
See also
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edit- ^ Gustafsson, Harald (26 February 2008). "Att göra svenskar av skåningar" [Making Swedes out of Scanians]. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 25 July 2010.
- ^ "Danske Lov 1683. Digital udgave" (in Danish). Bjoerna.dk. 28 February 2007. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
- ^ a b Larsdotter, Anna (2010). "Skåningarna bytte aldrig spark" [Scania never changed language]. Språktidningen (in Swedish). Retrieved 16 June 2020.
- ^ Alm, Martin (10 May 2012). "Snaphaner". DanmarksHistorienDK (in Danish). Aarhus Universitet. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
- ^ Lindqvist, Herman (9 March 2011). "Brutal etnisk rensning när Skåne blev svenskt" [Brutal ethnic cleansing when Scania became Swedish]. Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
- ^ Rogers, John; Nelson, Marie C. (2003). ""Lapps, Finns, Gypsies, Jews, and idiots"? Modernity and the use of statistical categories in Sweden". Annales de démographie historique. 1 (105): 61–79. doi:10.3917/adh.105.79.
- ^ Cocq, Coppélie (2008). Revoicing Sámi narratives. North Sámi storytelling at the turn of the 20th century (PhD). Umeå University. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
- ^ Kent, Neil (2019). The Sámi Peoples of the North: A Social and Cultural History. London, England: Hurst. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-78738-172-8. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
- ^ Gignac, Julien (14 September 2016). "Sami Blood addresses the assimilation of indigenous children in Scandinavia". The Globe and Mail. Toronto, Ontario. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
- ^ Smith, Andrea (2009). Indigenous Peoples and Boarding Schools: A comparative study (PDF) (Report). United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
- ^ Språklag [Language Law] (Law, 2009:600) (in Swedish). Sveriges Riksdag. 28 May 2009.
- ^ "Sweden's Sami People to Set up Commission on Discrimination". U.S. News & World Report. Washington, D.C. Associated Press. 12 June 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
- ^ AFP-JIJI (20 March 2020). "Sweden panel to examine past crimes against speakers of Meankieli language". The Japan Times. Tokyo, Japan. Archived from the original on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020.