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Structural composite supercapacitors are multifunctional materials that can both bear mechanical load and store electrical energy.[1] That when combined with structural batteries, could potentially enable an overall weight reduction of electric vehicles.
Typically, structural composite supercapacitors are based on the design of carbon fiber reinforced polymers.[2] Carbon fibrers act as mechanical reinforcement, current collectors, and eventually electrodes.
The matrix of a Structural composite supercapacitor is a polymer electrolyte that transfers load via shear mechanisms between the carbon fibers and has a reasonable ionic conductivity.[3]
In a supercapacitor, the specific capacitance is proportional to the exact surface area of the electrodes.[4] Structural carbon fibers usually have low specific surface area, and is therefore necessary to modify their surface to enable sufficient energy storage ability.[5] To increase the surface area of the structural electrodes, several methods have been employed, mainly consisting in the modification of the surface of the carbon fiber itself, or by coating the carbon fiber through a material which covers its entire surface area.
Physical and chemical activation of the carbon fibers have increased their specific surface area by two orders of magnitude without damaging their mechanical properties, but have limited energy storage ability when combined with a structural polymer electrolyte.[6] Coating carbon fibers with carbon nanotubes,[7] carbon aerogel,[8] or graphene nanoplatelets[9] allowed for higher energy densities.
References edit
- ^ US 8659874, Shaffer, Milo; Greenhalgh, Emile & Bismarck, Alexander et al., "Energy storage device", published 2014-02-25, assigned to Imperial Innovations Ltd.
- ^ Xu, Yanfang; Lu, Weibang; Xu, Guangbiao; Chou, Tsu-Wei (2021-03-01). "Structural supercapacitor composites: A review". Composites Science and Technology. 204: 108636. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108636. ISSN 0266-3538. S2CID 233855113.
- ^ Nguyen, Phuong-Anh T.; Snyder, James (2008-10-03). "Multifunctional Properties of Structural Gel Electrolytes". ECS Transactions. 11 (32): 73–83. Bibcode:2008ECSTr..11F..73N. doi:10.1149/1.2992495. ISSN 1938-5862. S2CID 98505434.
- ^ Burke, Andrew (November 2000). "Ultracapacitors: why, how, and where is the technology". Journal of Power Sources. 91 (1): 37–50. Bibcode:2000JPS....91...37B. doi:10.1016/S0378-7753(00)00485-7. S2CID 12394674.
- ^ Snyder, James F.; Wong, Emma L.; Hubbard, Clifford W. (2009). "Evaluation of Commercially Available Carbon Fibers, Fabrics, and Papers for Potential Use in Multifunctional Energy Storage Applications". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 156 (3): A215. Bibcode:2009JElS..156A.215S. doi:10.1149/1.3065070.
- ^ Qian, Hui; Diao, Hele; Shirshova, Natasha; Greenhalgh, Emile S.; Steinke, Joachim G.H.; Shaffer, Milo S.P.; Bismarck, Alexander (April 2013). "Activation of structural carbon fibres for potential applications in multifunctional structural supercapacitors". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 395: 241–248. Bibcode:2013JCIS..395..241Q. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2012.12.015. PMID 23312580.
- ^ Shirshova, Natasha; Qian, Hui; Houllé, Matthieu; Steinke, Joachim H. G.; Kucernak, Anthony R. J.; Fontana, Quentin P. V.; Greenhalgh, Emile S.; Bismarck, Alexander; Shaffer, Milo S. P. (2014). "Multifunctional structural energy storage composite supercapacitors". Faraday Discuss. 172: 81–103. Bibcode:2014FaDi..172...81S. doi:10.1039/C4FD00055B. hdl:10044/1/19256. ISSN 1359-6640. PMID 25427162.
- ^ Qi, Guocheng; Nguyen, Sang; Anthony, David B; Kucernak, Anthony R J; Shaffer, Milo S P; Greenhalgh, Emile S (2021-09-01). "The influence of fabrication parameters on the electrochemical performance of multifunctional structural supercapacitors". Multifunctional Materials. 4 (3): 034001. Bibcode:2021MuMat...4c4001Q. doi:10.1088/2399-7532/ac1ea6. hdl:10044/1/97587. ISSN 2399-7532. S2CID 237369927.
- ^ Hubert, Olivier; Todorovic, Nikola; Bismarck, Alexander (January 2022). "Towards separator-free structural composite supercapacitors". Composites Science and Technology. 217: 109126. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2021.109126. S2CID 243485329.