In ancient Roman religion, Strenua or Strenia was a goddess of the new year, purification, and wellbeing.[1] She had a shrine (sacellum) and grove (lucus) at the top of the Via Sacra.[2] Varro said she was a Sabine goddess. W.H. Roscher includes her among the indigitamenta, the lists of Roman deities maintained by priests to assure that the correct divinity was invoked in public rituals.[3] The procession of the Argei began at her shrine.[4]
On January 1, twigs from Strenua's grove were carried in a procession to the citadel (arx).[5] The rite is first noted as occurring on New Year's Day in 153 BC, the year when consuls first began assuming their office at the beginning of the year. It is unclear whether it had always been held on that date or had been transferred that year from another place on the calendar, perhaps the original New Year's Day on March 1.[6]
The name Strenia was said to be the origin of the word strenae (preserved in French étrennes and Italian strenne), the new-year gifts Romans exchanged as good omens in an extension of the public rite:[7]
From almost the beginning of Mars' city the custom of New Year's gifts (strenae) prevailed on account of the precedent of king Tatius who was the first to reckon the holy branches (verbenae) of a fertile tree (arbor felix) in Strenia's grove as the auspicious signs of the new year."[8]
During the Principate, these strenae often took the form of money.[9]
Johannes Lydus says that strenae was a Sabine word for wellbeing or welfare (hygieia, Latin salus). The supposed Sabine etymology may or may not be factual, but expresses the Sabine ethnicity of Tatius.[10] St. Augustine says that Strenia was the goddess who made a person strenuus, "vigorous, strong."[11]
According to some scholars[citation needed] the Befana tradition is derived by the Strenua cult. In the book Vestiges of Ancient Manners and Customs, Discoverable in Modern Italy and Sicily by Rev. John J. Blunt (John Murray, 1823), the author says:
"This Befana appears to be heir at law of a certain heathen goddess called Strenia, who presided over the new-year's gifts, 'Strenae,' from which, indeed, she derived her name.[12] Her presents were of the same description as those of the Befana—figs, dates, and honey.[13] Moreover her solemnities were vigorously opposed by the early Christians on account of their noisy, riotous, and licentious character".[14]
References edit
- ^ Robert E.A. Palmer, The Archaic Community of the Romans (Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 101.
- ^ Varro, De lingua latina 5.47; Festus 290; William Warde Fowler, The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic (London, 1908), p. 278.
- ^ W.H. Roscher, Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie (Leipzig: Teubner, 1890–94), vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 227.
- ^ Palmer, The Archaic Community of the Romans, pp. 92, 100.
- ^ Fowler, Roman Festivals, p. 278.
- ^ Fowler, Roman Festivals, p. 278; Palmer, The Archaic Community of the Romans, p. 101.
- ^ Ovid, Fasti 1.71ff, 175.
- ^ Symmachus, Epistula 10.35: ab exortu paene urbis Martiae strenarum usus adolevit, auctoritate Tatii regis, qui verbenas felicis arboris ex luco Strenuae anni novi auspices primus accepit. … Nomen indicio est viris strenuis haec convenire virtute. Translation from Palmer, The Archaic Community of the Romans, p. 100.
- ^ Suetonius, Life of Augustus 57.1, Tiberius 34.2, and Caligula 42; Lawrence Richardson, A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 373.
- ^ Palmer, The Archaic Community of the Romans, p. 100.
- ^ Augustine of Hippo, De Civitate Dei 4.16.
- ^ Augustine, De Civitate Dei, iv.16
- ^ Fasti i. 185.
- ^ Vide Rosini, ed. Dempster. lib. i. c.13, de Dea Strenia, p. 120