Spirograph

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Spirograph is a geometric drawing device that produces mathematical roulette curves of the variety technically known as hypotrochoids and epitrochoids. The well-known toy version was developed by British engineer Denys Fisher and first sold in 1965.

Spirograph
Spirograph set (early 1980s UK version)
Inventor(s)Denys Fisher
CompanyHasbro
CountryUnited Kingdom
Availability1965–present
MaterialsPlastic
Official website

The name has been a registered trademark of Hasbro Inc. since 1998 following purchase of the company that had acquired the Denys Fisher company. The Spirograph brand was relaunched worldwide in 2013, with its original product configurations, by Kahootz Toys.

History

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Drawing patterns with a Spirograph ring and wheel
 
Street vendor in Fort Kochi, India, demonstrates the spirographs he is selling.

In 1827, Greek-born English architect and engineer Peter Hubert Desvignes developed and advertised a "Speiragraph", a device to create elaborate spiral drawings. A man named J. Jopling soon claimed to have previously invented similar methods.[1] When working in Vienna between 1845 and 1848, Desvignes constructed a version of the machine that would help prevent banknote forgeries,[2] as any of the nearly endless variations of roulette patterns that it could produce were extremely difficult to reverse engineer. The mathematician Bruno Abakanowicz invented a new Spirograph device between 1881 and 1900. It was used for calculating an area delimited by curves.[3]

Drawing toys based on gears have been around since at least 1908, when The Marvelous Wondergraph was advertised in the Sears catalog.[4][5] An article describing how to make a Wondergraph drawing machine appeared in the Boys Mechanic publication in 1913.[6]

The definitive Spirograph toy was developed by the British engineer Denys Fisher between 1962 and 1964 by creating drawing machines with Meccano pieces. Fisher exhibited his spirograph at the 1965 Nuremberg International Toy Fair. It was subsequently produced by his company. US distribution rights were acquired by Kenner, Inc., which introduced it to the United States market in 1966 and promoted it as a creative children's toy. Kenner later introduced Spirotot, Magnetic Spirograph, Spiroman, and various refill sets.[7]

In 2013 the Spirograph brand was re-launched worldwide, with the original gears and wheels, by Kahootz Toys. The modern products use removable putty in place of pins to hold the stationary pieces in place. The Spirograph was Toy of the Year in 1967, and Toy of the Year finalist, in two categories, in 2014. Kahootz Toys was acquired by PlayMonster LLC in 2019.[8]

Operation

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The original US-released Spirograph consisted of two differently sized plastic rings (or stators), with gear teeth on both the inside and outside of their circumferences. Once either of these rings were held in place (either by pins, with an adhesive, or by hand) any of several provided gearwheels (or rotors)—each having holes for a ballpoint pen—could be spun around the ring to draw geometric shapes. Later, the Super-Spirograph introduced additional shapes such as rings, triangles, and straight bars. All edges of each piece have teeth to engage any other piece; smaller gears fit inside the larger rings, but they also can rotate along the rings' outside edge or even around each other. Gears can be combined in many different arrangements. Sets often included variously colored pens, which could enhance a design by switching colors, as seen in the examples shown here.

Beginners often slip the gears, especially when using the holes near the edge of the larger wheels, resulting in broken or irregular lines. Experienced users may learn to move several pieces in relation to each other (say, the triangle around the ring, with a circle "climbing" from the ring onto the triangle).

Mathematical basis

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Geometric construction for mathematical explanation of spirograph.

Consider a fixed outer circle   of radius   centered at the origin. A smaller inner circle   of radius   is rolling inside   and is continuously tangent to it.   will be assumed never to slip on   (in a real Spirograph, teeth on both circles prevent such slippage). Now assume that a point   lying somewhere inside   is located a distance   from  's center. This point   corresponds to the pen-hole in the inner disk of a real Spirograph. Without loss of generality it can be assumed that at the initial moment the point   was on the   axis. In order to find the trajectory created by a Spirograph, follow point   as the inner circle is set in motion.

Now mark two points   on   and   on  . The point   always indicates the location where the two circles are tangent. Point  , however, will travel on  , and its initial location coincides with  . After setting   in motion counterclockwise around  ,   has a clockwise rotation with respect to its center. The distance that point   traverses on   is the same as that traversed by the tangent point   on  , due to the absence of slipping.

Now define the new (relative) system of coordinates   with its origin at the center of   and its axes parallel to   and  . Let the parameter   be the angle by which the tangent point   rotates on  , and   be the angle by which   rotates (i.e. by which   travels) in the relative system of coordinates. Because there is no slipping, the distances traveled by   and   along their respective circles must be the same, therefore

 

or equivalently,

 

It is common to assume that a counterclockwise motion corresponds to a positive change of angle and a clockwise one to a negative change of angle. A minus sign in the above formula ( ) accommodates this convention.

Let   be the coordinates of the center of   in the absolute system of coordinates. Then   represents the radius of the trajectory of the center of  , which (again in the absolute system) undergoes circular motion thus:

 

As defined above,   is the angle of rotation in the new relative system. Because point   obeys the usual law of circular motion, its coordinates in the new relative coordinate system   are

 

In order to obtain the trajectory of   in the absolute (old) system of coordinates, add these two motions:

 

where   is defined above.

Now, use the relation between   and   as derived above to obtain equations describing the trajectory of point   in terms of a single parameter  :

 

(using the fact that function   is odd).

It is convenient to represent the equation above in terms of the radius   of   and dimensionless parameters describing the structure of the Spirograph. Namely, let

 

and

 

The parameter   represents how far the point   is located from the center of  . At the same time,   represents how big the inner circle   is with respect to the outer one  .

It is now observed that

 

and therefore the trajectory equations take the form

 

Parameter   is a scaling parameter and does not affect the structure of the Spirograph. Different values of   would yield similar Spirograph drawings.

The two extreme cases   and   result in degenerate trajectories of the Spirograph. In the first extreme case, when  , we have a simple circle of radius  , corresponding to the case where   has been shrunk into a point. (Division by   in the formula is not a problem, since both   and   are bounded functions.)

The other extreme case   corresponds to the inner circle  's radius   matching the radius   of the outer circle  , i.e.  . In this case the trajectory is a single point. Intuitively,   is too large to roll inside the same-sized   without slipping.

If  , then the point   is on the circumference of  . In this case the trajectories are called hypocycloids and the equations above reduce to those for a hypocycloid.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Knight, John I. (1828). "Mechanics Magazine". Knight; Lacey – via Google Books.
  2. ^ "Spirograph and examples of patterns drawn using it | Science Museum Group Collection".
  3. ^ Goldstein, Cathérine; Gray, Jeremy; Ritter, Jim (1996). L'Europe mathématique: histoires, mythes, identités. Editions MSH. p. 293. ISBN 9782735106851. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
  4. ^ Kaveney, Wendy. "CONTENTdm Collection : Compound Object Viewer". digitallibrary.imcpl.org. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
  5. ^ Linderman, Jim. "ArtSlant - Spirograph? No, MAGIC PATTERN!". artslant.com. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
  6. ^ "From The Boy Mechanic (1913) - A Wondergraph". marcdatabase.com. 2004. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
  7. ^ Coopee, Todd (17 August 2015). "Spirograph". ToyTales.ca.
  8. ^ "PlayMonster acquires Kahootz Toys". 14 November 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
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