Sports hypnosis refers to the use of hypnotherapy with athletes in order to enhance sporting performance. Hypnosis in sports has therapeutic and performance-enhancing functions.[1] The mental state of athletes during training and competition is said to impact performance.[1] Hypnosis is a form of mental training[2] and can therefore contribute to enhancing athletic execution. Sports hypnosis is used by athletes, coaches and psychologists.[2]
History edit
Hypnosis has been used in various professions including dentistry, medicine, psychotherapy and sports, as a performance enhancement tool. Sports hypnosis incorporates cognitive and sports science methodologies. Hypnosis in sports therefore overlaps with areas such as biomechanics, nutrition, physiology and sports psychology.[3] Generally sports hypnosis is studied within the field of sports psychology, which examines the impact of psychological variables on athletes' performance.[4] While sports psychology began to be studied around the 1920s,[5] the study and use of hypnosis was not documented until the 1950s.[1] Members of the Russian Olympic team are said to have made use of hypnosis as a performance-enhancing tool around this time.[1]
Application edit
Although not referred to as hypnosis, professional athletes and teams have used an approach called guided imagery, which is much similar to techniques used in sports hypnosis.[6]
Hypnosis is one of several techniques that athletes may employ to accomplish their sporting goals and it is equally beneficial to coaches as well as athletes.[1] Hypnosis may do for the mind what physical activity does for the body of an athlete.[7] The theory behind sports hypnosis is that relaxation is key to improved sporting performance and athletes may perform better if they are able to relax mentally and focus on the task at hand. Hypnosis may help athletes attain relaxation during practise and competition.[1] Hypnosis may also help to control anxiety and manage stress in athletes.[1] Athletes may develop auto-response to preestablished stimuli which is geared towards achieving optimal performance levels.[8] Sports Hypnosis can also eliminate phobic responses, such as 'Trigger Freeze' in the Clay Pigeon Shooter, 'Target Panic' in the Archer and Fears of further injury in sports people following injury.
The impact of hypnosis on various aspects of sporting performance has been studied. Research has studied the role of hypnosis in enhancing basketball skills,[9] on flow-state and golf-putting performance,[10] its impact on long-distance runners,[11][12] on archery performance[13] and on flow states and short-serve in badminton.[14]
The use of hypnosis in sports offers the following potential benefits that may help athletes handle personal challenges that would otherwise negatively affect sporting performance. Hypnosis:
- Helps to reinforce established sporting goals
- Aids athletes to better handle nervousness
- Contributes to relaxation
- Facilitates stress management
- Increases concentration
- Eliminates sports phobia responses
- Provides the ability to eliminate distractions
- Assists in controlling pain
- Increases performance motivation[1]
- Improves bodily awareness[15]
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h Paccagnella, Michelle (2004). "Demystifying sports hypnosis" (PDF). Sports Coach. 27 (1).
- ^ a b Liggett, Donald R. (2000). Sport hypnosis. Human Kinetics. ISBN 978-0736002141.
- ^ Hall, C. R. (2001). "Imagery in sport and exercise". In Singer, R.; Hausenblas, H.; Janelle, C. (eds.). Handbook of research in sport psychology. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 529–549.
- ^ Weinberg, R.S.; Gould, D. (2010). Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. ISBN 978-0-7360-8323-2.
- ^ Bäumler, G. (2009). "The dawn of sport psychology in Europe, 1880-1930: Early pioneers of a new branch of applied science". In Green, C. D.; Benjamin, L. T. (eds.). Psychology gets in the game. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 20–77. ISBN 978-0-8032-2673-9.
- ^ Hartman, Randy J. (2000-09-29). Shhh, Hypnotic Work in Progress: Twelve Case Histories in Clinical Hypnotherapy. iUniverse. ISBN 978-0595141883.
- ^ Scott, M.J. (1992). "Hypnosis in Sports" (PDF). International Journal of Table Tennis Sciences. 1: 123–125.
- ^ Mycoe, Stephen (2001-05-01). Unlimited sports success: The power of hypnosis. iUniverse. ISBN 978-0595186105.
- ^ Vasquez, B. L. (December 2005). "The effects of hypnosis on flow and in the performance enhancement of basketball skills" (PDF). College of Education, Washington State University. pp. 1–145.
- ^ Pates, John; Oliver, Rachael; Maynard, Ian (2001). "The effects of hypnosis on flow states and golf-putting performance". Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. 13 (4): 341–354. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.523.3174. doi:10.1080/104132001753226238. S2CID 145082845.
- ^ Callen, K.E. (1983). "Auto-Hypnosis in long distance runners". American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 26 (1): 30–36. doi:10.1080/00029157.1983.10404135. PMID 6678109.
- ^ William P., Morgan (2002). "Hypnosis in sport and exercise psychology". In Van Raalte, Judy L.; Brewer, Britton W. (eds.). Exploring sport and exercise psychology (2nd ed.). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association, xxiii, 561 pp. pp. 151–181.
- ^ Robazza, Claudio; Bortoli, Laura (December 1995). "A case study of improved performance in archery using hypnosis". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 81 (3f): 1364–1366. doi:10.2466/pms.1995.81.3f.1364. PMID 8684935. S2CID 2366849.
- ^ Pates, J.; Palmi, J. (2002). "The effects of hypnosis on flowstates and performance" (PDF). Journal of Excellence. 6: 48–61.
- ^ Robazza, Claudio; Bortoli, Laura (1994). "Hypnosis in sport: An isomorphic model". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 79 (2): 963–973. doi:10.2466/pms.1994.79.2.963. PMID 7870522. S2CID 20783801.