Sino-Vietnamese is often used to mean:

People of Chinese origin in Vietnam:

  • Hoa people or "Overseas Chinese"
  • Ngái people, rural-dwelling Hakka Chinese people, counted separately from the Hoa people
  • San Diu people or "Mountain Yao"/"Mountain Chinese ", Yao people who speak an archaic dialect of Cantonese as well as Iu Mien

People of Vietnamese origin in China:

Conflicts: