The Sanfratellano or Razza di San Fratello is an Italian breed of riding horse.[2]: 500 [3]: 71 [1]: 141 [4] It originates in the comune of San Fratello, in the Nebrodi Mountains in the province of Messina in north-eastern Sicily. It is one of three Sicilian breeds, the others being the Purosangue Orientale and the Siciliano Indigeno.
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| Country of origin | Italy |
| Distribution | Sicily |
| Standard | Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Cavallo Sanfratellano |
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| Colour | bay, dark bay or black |
History
editThe history of Sicily over the three millennia preceding the Unification of Italy in 1861 is one of repeated conquest and strife, with many different peoples and powers achieving total or partial dominance over the island for a time. These have included the Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Ostrogoths, Byzantines, Muslim North Africans, Lombards, Normans, Swabians, Angevins, Aragonese, Spanish and Bourbons. It is likely that many of these invaders brought horses with them – from the Middle East, from North Africa, from the Iberian Peninsula and from Northern Europe.[1]: 141 The Muslims who were present in the island from 827 to 1091 brought very large numbers of horses of Oriental type,[1]: 137 while the Lombards brought heavy war-horses and the Spanish brought Iberian stock.[1]: 141
The Sanfratellano is named for, and is believed to have originated in, the comune of San Fratello, in the Nebrodi Mountains in the province of Messina in north-eastern Sicily.[5] The town is believed to have been founded by the Lombards in the eleventh century; a Gallo-Italic dialect with Lombard influences is still spoken there.[1]: 141
The modern history of the Sanfratellano began in 1864 with the establishment of a Deposito Stalloni or military stud at Catania; this later became an Istituto di Incremento Ippico or horse-breeding institute. Breeding records for this period were lost during the First World War.[1]: 141 In 1925 the area of San Fratello and of the nearby towns of Caronia and Mistretta was important for its horse-breeding, with a number of the principal stud-farms.[6]: 534 At this time a number of private breeders in Sicily were putting their good local mares to Arab and Anglo-Arab stallions to produce horses with better speed, size and conformation, and were able to sell many of these to the state studs or as military mounts.[6]: 534
In the twentieth century Maremmano stallions were much used to cover Sanfratellano mares.[1]: 142 From 1935 four stallions of English origin and one of Oriental type also stood at stud.[7] Five Nonius stallions were imported from Hungary in 1959, and remained in use for ten years. Further use was then made of Maremmano stallions, some of which were by this time significantly influenced by cross-breeding with Thoroughbred stock.[1]: 142
A breed society, the Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Cavallo Sanfratellano, was formed in 1996.[8]
The Sanfratellano is bred principally in the Parco dei Nebrodi, not only in the comune of San Fratello but also in Alcara Li Fusi, Capizzi, Caronia, Castell'Umberto, Cesarò, Floresta, Galati Mamertino, Longi, Militello Rosmarino, Tortorici and Ucria.[1]: 141 Its conservation status was listed by the FAO in 2007 as 'endangered';[3]: 71 in 2024 it was listed in DAD-IS as 'at risk/endangered'.[4] A breed census in 2022 found the population to be 'stable' at 1494 head, including 973 brood mares and 260 stallions.[4]
Characteristics
editThe Sanfratellano is compact and robust, somewhat longer in the body than it is tall. Average height at the withers is 150 cm for mares, 152 cm for males; average chest circumferences are 173 cm and 175 cm respectively, while the average cannon bone circumference is 19 cm in both sexes.[1]: 142 [9] The facial profile is straight or slightly convex.[2]: 500 The coat may be bay, dark bay or black, preferably without white markings: a few white hairs on the face may be tolerated, but white socks are a disqualifying defect.[1]: 142 [9]
The horses are rustic, well able to forage for themselves, and well adapted to survival in the open, to the cold of the Sicilian winter and to the intense heat of summer.[1]: 142
Use
editThe Sanfratellano is used as a riding horse, as a harness horse, for agricultural work, for meat and for the production of mules.[5][10] Approximately half of all Italian mules are bred in Sicily.[5]
The horses are usually managed extensively, living in large semi-feral herds in the forests of the Nebrodi, grazing on the undergrowth or on patches of pasture land.[1]: 142 [2]: 500
References
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Daniele Bigi, Alessio Zanon (2008). Atlante delle razze autoctone: Bovini, equini, ovicaprini, suini allevati in Italia (in Italian). Milan: Edagricole. ISBN 9788850652594.
- ^ a b c Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. ISBN 9781780647944.
- ^ a b Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007). List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources, annex to The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 9789251057629. Archived 23 June 2020.
- ^ a b c Breed data sheet: Sanfratellano / Italy (Horse). Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed June 2024.
- ^ a b c Cavallo Sanfratellano (in Italian). Ministero dell'Agricoltura, della Sovranità Alimentare e delle Foreste. Archived 6 April 2024.
- ^ a b Ezio Marchi, Ettore Mascheroni (1925). Zootecnia speciale; I. Equini e bovini (in Italian). Volume 6, part 5 of: Vittorio Alpe, Mario Zecchini (editors) (1898– ). Nuova enciclopedia agraria italiana in ordine metodico redatta da cultori delle diverse discipline agrarie. Torino: Unione Tipografico-Editrice Torinese.
- ^ Il cavallo: La sua storia (in Italian). Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Cavallo Sanfratellano. Archived 11 April 2016.
- ^ L'associazione: La sede (in Italian). Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Cavallo Sanfratellano. Archived 12 April 2016.
- ^ a b Il cavallo: Lo standard di razza (in Italian). Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Cavallo Sanfratellano. Archived 11 April 2016.
- ^ Breed description: Sanfratellana. Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover. Archived 14 October 2007.