Sandra Schnur (July 30, 1935 – February 2, 1994) was a pioneer American disability rights leader and author, working mainly in New York City.
Sandra Schnur | |
|---|---|
| Born | July 30, 1935 |
| Died | February 2, 1994 (58 years old) |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Hunter College New York University |
| Years active | 1960s–1994 |
| Known for | Disability rights advocacy |
| Notable work | "New York With Ease" (1963) |
| Movement | Disability Rights |
| Spouse | Marvin Wasserman (m. 1983) |
Early life
editSchnur was born on July 30, 1935, in New York City to a Jewish family. Schnur contracted polio in 1950 at age 15.[1] The disease rendered her a quadriplegic. She had a long period of rehabilitation, including much time spent in an iron lung. After a period in residence at Warm Springs, she was home schooled to complete her high school education.
In 1952, Schnur was evaluated by the New York Vocational Education program, and was advised to become a basket weaver.[2] Schnur requested instead to be allowed to attend college. The program advisor did not like her refusal to accept his recommendation, and marked her as "uncooperative".[1][3]
Career as activist for disabled persons
editIn 1963 Schnur published "New York With Ease", a wheelchair-access guide to the City of New York, published by the Easter Seals Society.[3][4][5] She was employed in the Mayor's Office for the Handicapped, under Eunice K. Fiorito.[2]
In 1965 the State of New York agreed to allow Schnur to attend college. She attended Hunter College and New York University, earning a Bachelor's degree and Master's degree in Counseling.[2][3]
Schnur became Director of the New York City Half-fare Program for the Handicapped.[6] As one of the few disabled administrators in the Department of Transportation at this critical time, she played an important role in providing wheelchair-accessible buses and vans to nonprofit organizations, as well as the introduction of pedestrian ramps/curb cuts and lift-equipped city buses.[2][6]
In the late 1970s, New York City officials decided that they no longer wished to provide direct personal assistance services for seniors and persons with disabilities, but would oversee contracts with private nonprofit vendors. By this time Schnur had written several position papers with the assistance of Marilyn Saviola on what she called "self-direction," — severely disabled persons with disabilities had the capacity to manage their own personal assistance services, as opposed to the "medical model" where the agency is the employer and the consumer is not in charge of his or her own household.[6] She brought together a group of individuals, which included Marilyn Saviola, Muriel Zgardowski, Vincent Zgardowski, Ira Holland, Ed Litcher, Daniel Ginsburg, and Gertrude Schleier, to demand consumer-directed personal assistance services.[2]
This group protested (with attached ventilators) outside a Board of Estimate hearing. When Schnur was about to be honored as an "outstanding" city employee by Mayor Abraham Beame in a ceremony at Gracie Mansion, home care administrators, hearing of her plan to denounce the pending vendorizing of home care services, told her that it was unnecessary because she had won her point.[2]
Schnur believed that consumers should have even greater independence.[2][3][7] She formulated a paper calling for a voucher program, a precursor to the Consumer-Directed Cash and Counseling project that was eventually adopted in several states, which she presented to the administration of Governor Mario Cuomo. In Schnur's voucher program, severely disabled individuals would receive one check, which could be used without restrictions, including management of home care needs, including personal care services. Although the program was adopted by the Governor and passed by the State Legislature, no startup funding was provided.[citation needed]
In 1980, following a series of meetings with consumers and Department of Social Services administrators, this group agreed to create the Client Maintained Plan, the pioneer Consumer Directed Personal Assistance Program, and have it administered by Concepts of Independence, Inc.[2][7]
During this period, Schnur was a founder of Women with Disabilities United, received appointments to the Mayor's Commission on the Status of Women, and as the only consumer on the Governor's Home Care Council.[citation needed]
Concepts of Independence
editConcepts of Independence is[8] a consumer organization that was co-founded in 1977 by Schnur, Marilyn Saviola,[9] Victoria Holland, Ira Holland[10] and Ed Lichter, formulated to be a Fiscal-Intermediary: to receive Medicaid funds and to pay salaries, taxes, and benefits to personal care workers based upon information provided by the consumer.[3] In addition to saving government/taxpayer money, the client was enabled and authorized to "hire, fire and train a home attendant."[11][9] Sylvia Friedman, for a while, served as Program Director.
Subsequent to the death of Victoria Holland in 1979 and the adoption of the new Consumer Board of Directors in 1980, Schnur became the President of Concepts of Independence. Schnur served this role until her death from melanoma on February 2, 1994.[3]
Personal life and legacy
editSchnur married Marvin Wasserman in 1983.[3]
Schnur was inducted into the New York State Disability Rights Hall of Fame in 2019.[2][7]
Concepts of Independence awards an annual plaque in memory of Schnur, the Sandra Schnur Emerging Leadership Award.[12][13]
Schnur's husband also began hosting an annual memorial Seder after her death, to which large groups are invited.[14]
Works
editSee also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Doris Zames Fleischer & Frieda Zames, The Disability Rights Movement: From Charity to Confrontation, Temple University Press (2001), ISBN 1-56639-811-8, p. 35
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "NYSILC - Sandra Schnur" (PDF). NYSILC. Retrieved 2020-08-26.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Deinstitutionalization and independent Living" (PDF). University of Washington. Retrieved 2020-08-26.
- ^ Fleischer, p. 36
- ^ a b Schnur, Sandra (1963). New York With Ease. Easter Seals.
- ^ a b c Klemesrud, Judy (1979-05-25). "Disabled Women: A Conference on Discrimination". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-08-27.
- ^ a b c "SECOND ANNUAL NEW YORK STATE DISABILITY RIGHTS HALL OF FAME AWARDS CEREMONY AND DINNER". NYSILC. Retrieved 2020-08-26.
- ^ Most recent USA IRS filing is marked 2021:
"Details about Concepts of Independence Inc. Copies of Returns". Retrieved September 8, 2022.
Electronic copies (images) of Forms 990, 990-EZ, 990-PF or 990-T returns filed with the IRS
- ^ a b Douglas Martin (April 29, 1997). "Woman Sees Advances For the Disabled Imperiled by Budget Cuts". The New York Times. Retrieved September 11, 2022.
she turned to Concepts of Independence, which she helped establish five years earlier
- ^ "Paid Notice: Deaths HOLLAND, IRA E", The New York Times, March 19, 2004, retrieved September 11, 2022
- ^ Pat Walls (July 26, 1994), Making Health Care Reform Work for Americans with Disabilities, National Council on Disability (NCD.gov), retrieved September 9, 2022
- ^ "Photos (Council Member Gale A. Brewer with Lawrence Carter-Long, recipient of the Sandra Schnur Emerging Leadership Award)". 504 Democratic Club. May 21, 2006. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
- ^ "Edith Prentiss: A Disabled Hero to the Disabled". The Bronx Chronicle.com. November 3, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
- ^ "Yahoo! Groups". Groups.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved 2016-11-29.