Synemin, also known as desmuslin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SYNM gene.[5] Synemin is an intermediate filament (IF) family member. IF proteins are cytoskeletal proteins that confer resistance to mechanical stress and are encoded by a dispersed multigene family. This protein has been found to form a linkage between desmin, which is a subunit of the IF network, and the extracellular matrix, and provides an important structural support in muscle.
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| Aliases | SYNM, DMN, SYN, synemin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 606087 MGI: 2661187 HomoloGene: 9081 GeneCards: SYNM | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Function edit
Synemin is an intermediate filament (IF) and, like other IFs, primarily functions to integrate mechanical stress and maintain structural integrity in eukaryotic cells. While it has been observed in a variety of cell types, it has been best studied in the sarcomere of skeletal myocytes. It localizes at the Z-disk and has been shown to bind to α-dystrobrevin, α-actinin, and desmin to act as a mechanical linker in transmitting force laterally throughout the tissue, especially between the contractile myofibrils and extracellular matrix. Synemin contributes to linkage between costameres and the contractile apparatus in skeletal muscle of synemin null animals.[6] Synemin plays an important regulatory role in the heart and the consequences of its absence are profound.[7]
Properties edit
Synemin has properties very similar to the intermediate filament syncoilin. In particular, it binds to α-dystrobrevin in the dystrophin-associated protein complex to act as a mechanical "linker" between the myofibrillar network and the cell membrane.[8]
Splice variants edit
Three splice variant isoforms of synemin exist, α and β and L. Both isoforms have a very short N-terminal domain of 10 amino acids and a long C-terminal domain consisting of 1243 amino acids for the α isoform and 931 amino acids for the β isoform.[9] An intronic sequence of the synemin β isoform is used as a coding sequence for synemin α.[9][10]
Cancer edit
SYNM gene has been observed progressively downregulated in Human papillomavirus-positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy.[11] For this reason, SYNM is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions progression.[11]
History edit
The origin of the synemin/desmuslin naming convention is quite complex. In 1980, synemin was first identified in avian smooth muscle and was initially described as an IF-associated protein due to its colocalization and copurification with desmin and vimentin.[12] Subsequent to the cloning of chicken synemin, Mizuno and colleagues reported the cloning of a novel IF protein, human desmuslin, as an α-dystrobrevin-interacting protein.[8] Sequence analysis showed that human desmuslin was 32% identical and 11% similar to the amino acid sequence of chicken synemin, while the IF proteins vimentin and desmin are more than 80% identical across the same species. Although several parts were very similar between human desmuslin and chicken synemin, the low degree of conservation between these two proteins compared to other cloned IF proteins suggested that synemin was not the human desmuslin orthologue.[8] In addition, unlike chicken synemin, in vitro coimmunoprecipitation assays could not detect an interaction between human desmuslin and α-actinin.[8] In 2001, Titeux and colleagues reported the cloning of the α and β splice-varying isoforms of human synemin and showed that β-synemin was identical to desmuslin.[9] In 2014 was reported the first synemin -/- null animal.[6]
References edit
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000182253 - Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000030554 - Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: Synemin, intermediate filament protein".
- ^ a b García-Pelagio KP, Muriel J, O'Neill A, Desmond PF, Lovering RM, Lund L, et al. (March 2015). "Myopathic changes in murine skeletal muscle lacking synemin". American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 308 (6): C448–C462. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00331.2014. PMC 4360028. PMID 25567810.
- ^ García-Pelagio KP, Chen L, Joca HC, Ward C, Jonathan Lederer W, Bloch RJ (January 2018). "Absence of synemin in mice causes structural and functional abnormalities in heart". Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 114: 354–363. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.12.005. PMC 5850968. PMID 29247678.
- ^ a b c d Mizuno Y, Thompson TG, Guyon JR, Lidov HG, Brosius M, Imamura M, et al. (May 2001). "Desmuslin, an intermediate filament protein that interacts with alpha -dystrobrevin and desmin". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (11): 6156–6161. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.6156M. doi:10.1073/pnas.111153298. PMC 33438. PMID 11353857.
- ^ a b c Titeux M, Brocheriou V, Xue Z, Gao J, Pellissier JF, Guicheney P, et al. (December 2001). "Human synemin gene generates splice variants encoding two distinct intermediate filament proteins". European Journal of Biochemistry. 268 (24): 6435–6449. doi:10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02594.x. PMID 11737198.
- ^ Omary MB, Liem RK, eds. (2016). Intermediate Filament Proteins. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-803491-0.[page needed]
- ^ a b Rotondo JC, Bosi S, Bassi C, Ferracin M, Lanza G, Gafà R, et al. (April 2015). "Gene expression changes in progression of cervical neoplasia revealed by microarray analysis of cervical neoplastic keratinocytes". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 230 (4): 806–812. doi:10.1002/jcp.24808. hdl:11392/2066612. PMID 25205602. S2CID 24986454.
- ^ Granger BL, Lazarides E (December 1980). "Synemin: a new high molecular weight protein associated with desmin and vimentin filaments in muscle". Cell. 22 (3): 727–738. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(80)90549-8. PMID 7006832. S2CID 24349058.
External links edit
- Synemin at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.