A rugate filter, also known as a gradient-index filter, is an optical filter based on a dielectric mirror that selectively reflects specific wavelength ranges of light. This effect is achieved by a periodic, continuous change of the refractive index of the dielectric coating.[2] The word "rugate" is derived from corrugated structures found in nature, which also selectively reflect certain wavelength ranges of light,[3] for example the wings of the Morpho butterfly.[4]

Rugate filter made of porous silicon carbide.[1]

Characteristics

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Refractive index profile of a Bragg and a rugate filter with maximum Reflectivity at 700 nm.
 
Reflection spectra of perpendicularly incident light on a Bragg and a rugate filter with maximum Reflectivity at 700 nm.

In rugate filters the refractive index varies periodically and continuously as a function of the depth of the mirror coating. This is similar to Bragg mirrors with the difference that the refractive index profile of a Bragg mirror is discontinuous. The refractive index profiles of a Rugate and a Bragg mirror are shown in the graph on the right. In Bragg mirrors, the discontinuous transitions are responsible for reflection of incident light, whereas in rugate filters, incident light is reflected throughout the thickness of the coating. According to the Fresnel equations, however, the reflection coefficient is greatest where the greatest change in refractive index occurs. For rugate filters, these are the inflection points in the refractive index profile. The theory of the Bragg mirror leads to a calculation of the wavelength at which the reflection of a rugate filter is greatest. For an alternating sequence in the Bragg mirror, the maximum reflection at a wavelength   is:

 

In this equation   and   stand for the high and low refractive indices of the Bragg mirror while   and   are the respective thicknesses of these layers. For the more general case that the refractive index changes continuously, the previous equation can be rewritten as:

 

On the left hand side is the integral over the refractive index over one period of the refractive index profile   divided by the period length  . This term corresponds to the mean value of the refractive index profile.[5] As a sanity check for the correctness of this equation, one can solve the integral for a discrete refractive index profile and substitute the period of a Bragg mirror  .

The figure on the right shows the reflection spectra calculated by the transfer-matrix method for the refractive index profiles of a Bragg and Rugate filter. It can be seen that both mirrors have their maximum reflectivity at 700 nm, whereas the rugate filter has a lower bandwidth. For this reason rugate filters are often used as optical notch filters. Furthermore, one can see a smaller peak in the spectrum of the rugate filter at  . This peak is not present in the spectrum of the Bragg mirror because of its discrete layer system, which causes destructive interference at this wavelength. However, Bragg mirrors have secondary maxima at wavelengths of  , which may be undesirable if you only want to filter out a certain wavelength. Rugate filters are better suited for this purpose because the sinusoidal refractive index profile has anti-reflection properties similar to those of black silicon. This reduces the intensity of the secondary maxima.[5]

Production

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Rugate filters can be produced by sputtering[6] and chemical vapor deposition.[7] A special challenge is the creation of the continuous refractive index profile. To achieve this, the chemical composition of the mirror must also change continuously as a function of the layer thickness. This can be achieved by continuously changing the gas composition during the deposition process. Another possibility for the production of rugate filters is electrochemical porosification of silicon. Here, the current density during the etching process is selected so that the resulting porosity and thus the refractive index varies sinusoidally with the layer thickness.[8]

References

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  1. ^ Leitgeb M, Zellner C, Schneider M, Schmid U (October 2017). "Porous single crystalline 4H silicon carbide rugate mirrors". APL Materials. 5 (10): 106106. Bibcode:2017APLM....5j6106L. doi:10.1063/1.5001876. hdl:20.500.12708/20008.
  2. ^ Paschotta R. "Rugate Filters". www.rp-photonics.com. Retrieved 2020-11-17.
  3. ^ Macleod HA (2001). Thin-film optical filters (3rd ed.). Bristol: Institute of Physics Pub. ISBN 0-7503-0688-2.
  4. ^ Potyrailo RA, Bonam RK, Hartley JG, Starkey TA, Vukusic P, Vasudev M, et al. (September 2015). "Towards outperforming conventional sensor arrays with fabricated individual photonic vapour sensors inspired by Morpho butterflies". Nature Communications. 6 (1): 7959. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.7959P. doi:10.1038/ncomms8959. PMC 4569698. PMID 26324320.
  5. ^ a b Stenzel O (29 April 2014). Optical coatings : material aspects in theory and practice. Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-642-54063-9. OCLC 879593612.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^ Bartzsch H, Lange S, Frach P, Goedicke K (March 2004). "Graded refractive index layer systems for antireflective coatings and rugate filters deposited by reactive pulse magnetron sputtering". Surface and Coatings Technology. 180–181: 616–620. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2003.10.105.
  7. ^ Lim S, Ryu JH, Wager JF, Plant TK (June 1994). "Rugate filters grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition". Thin Solid Films. 245 (1–2): 141–145. Bibcode:1994TSF...245..141L. doi:10.1016/0040-6090(94)90889-3.
  8. ^ Pacholski C (April 2013). "Photonic crystal sensors based on porous silicon". Sensors. 13 (4): 4694–713. Bibcode:2013Senso..13.4694P. doi:10.3390/s130404694. PMC 3673107. PMID 23571671.