Robert Siewert (30 December 1887 – 2 November 1973) was a German politician who fought in the German Resistance against National Socialism. He was a survivor of Buchenwald concentration camp, where he helped save the life of Stefan Jerzy Zweig (through causing the death of a Romani boy named Willi Blum), among others.[1]
Biography edit
Youth, war and the early Weimar years edit
Siewert was born the son of a carpenter in Schwersenz, Province of Posen, German Empire (today Swarzędz, Poznań County in Poland). He learned the trade of masonry and became a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) in 1906. From 1908 to 1915, he worked as a bricklayer in Switzerland, where he got to know Vladimir Lenin and Heinrich Brandler.
Siewert was a soldier during the First World War, serving on the eastern front, while also working for the Spartacist League. In 1918, he was a member of the Soldiers' Council of the 10th Army. After that, he became a member of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).
In 1919, Siewert was the district political leader in the Ore Mountains and in 1919 and 1920, he was a delegate to the party congress and then secretary to the unification congress when the KPD merged with the USPD. He was elected to the Central Committee at the KPD congresses in 1921 and 1923. In 1922, he was a delegate to the Fourth World Congress of the Communist International and he joined the leadership of the KPD publishers. He became the political leader in Chemnitz in 1923.
Siewert's political position was between the "Brandlerists" and the "middle group/conciliators," which led in 1924 to his being relieved of his party functions and being sent to Berlin, where he was only allowed to handle minor party responsibilities. Working with Hans Beck, he organized a workers' delegation to go to the Soviet Union. Later, he worked as editor of Einheit (Unity) magazine, which was oriented toward left-leaning Social Democrats. In 1926, Siewert was elected to the Saxon Landtag, where he served till 1929.
Opposition to the Stalinization of the KPD edit
Siewert's position as a "Brandlerist" in opposition to the growing Stalinization of the KPD caused him to be relieved of all party responsibilities in 1928, and on 14 January 1929 he was expelled from the KPD.
Siewert became an active functionary of the Communist Party Opposition (KPO) and a member of the district leadership of West Saxony. He held his seat in the Saxon parliament as one of the five members of the KPO faction. From 1931 to 1936, he worked as business manager of the newspaper Arbeiterpolitik (Labor Policy), first in Leipzig and then in Berlin. From 1933 till his arrest in late 1934, he was part of the initial national leadership of the KPO with Erich Hausen and Fritz Wiest.[2]
Resistance to Nazism edit
Siewert was charged by the Nazis with high treason and sentenced at the Volksgerichtshof to three years at hard labor in a Zuchthaus. After serving his term in Luckau, rather than being released, he was sent to Buchenwald concentration camp. There, he moved politically toward the KPD and became involved in the leadership of the underground resistance at the camp. He often took a stand for Jewish prisoners and for the imprisoned children and he organized a class to teach bricklaying to Polish and Jewish children,[3] an act that saved the lives of many.
In late August 1944, Siewert gave a speech at an illegal memorial organized by Willi Bleicher for Ernst Thälmann, who had recently been executed by the Nazis. As a result, he was subjected to reprisals and was under growing threat of execution, when the camp was liberated in April 1945.
After 1945, political repression edit
After the war, Siewert rejoined the KPD and began in Halle (Saale) with the rebuilding of the KPD in the Province of Saxony. By July 1945, he was being rejected by the secretariat of the SED Central Committee because of his KPO activities and he was replaced as district party leader. Nonetheless, he was able to become the first vice president of the Province of Saxony and later, Minister of the Interior of Saxony-Anhalt.
In 1950, the SED began launching campaigns against the one-time members of the KPO, initiating repressive measures against Siewert and others. Siewert was demoted as Minister and installed in a minor position within the Ministry.[4] Furthermore, he was forced to write a self-critical article in Neuen Deutschland (New Germany), which was published on 25 January 1950. A few weeks later, on 15 March, it was labeled "inadequate" and he was forced to write another, even more self-critical article. One issue was the Central Party Control Commission's[5] view that the KPO had not become an agent of financial capitalism, but rather had been one from the beginning.
Rehabilitation edit
After Stalin's death and the revelation of his crimes, the SED was "destalinized" and Siewert was rehabilitated. He was recognized with a number of national awards. He remained employed in the Ministry of Construction and was active in the leadership of the GDR's Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime.
Siewert died on 2 November 1973 in Berlin and was laid to rest in the "Pergolenweg" of the Memorial to the Socialists at the Zentralfriedhof Friedrichsfelde. The official SED obituary called him one of the "closest comrades of Ernst Thälmann," founder of the KPD. Three official memorial brochures omitted any mention of his leadership or activity in the KPO.
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Legacy edit
There are streets in Berlin-Karlshorst and Chemnitz named after Siewert.[6][7] In Beutha, Saxony, there is an elementary school named after Siewert. Siewert, who was the first Construction Minister in the GDR, was memorialized in 1976, three years after his death, when a road construction regiment of the National People's Army, based in Neuseddin, near Potsdam was named for him.
There is a commemorative plaque for Siewert in Berlin in the area where he lived after the war (see photo).
See also edit
Further reading edit
- Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR im Bundesarchiv (SAPMO): Zentrale Parteikontrollkommission der SED; DY 30, 1948–1971 (in German)
Footnotes edit
- ^ Helmut Müller-Enbergs; Andreas Herbst. "Siewert, Robert * 30.12.1887, † 2.11.1973 Minister des Innern des Landes Sachsen-Anhalt" (in German). Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur: Biographische Datenbanken. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
- ^ Theodor Bergmann, Gegen den Strom. Die Geschichte der KPD (Opposition). Hamburg (2001) ISBN 3-87975-836-0 (in German)
- ^ Gisela Karau, Der gute Stern des Janusz K. - Eine Jugend in Buchenwald, (1994) Verlag 1900, Berlin. ISBN 3-930278-01-4 (in German)
- ^ Bill Niven, The Buchenwald child: truth, fiction, and propaganda Camden House (2007) ISBN 978-1-57113-339-7 Retrieved 15 April 2010
- ^ The "Central Party Control Commission", similar to its Soviet counterpart, was the disciplinary organ of the SED, responsible for the unity and purity of the KPD. Working with other agencies, it had the power to sanction, reprimand, punish, expel and rehabilitate (even posthumously) individuals who were accused of "revisionism", disloyalty and other political "crimes".
- ^ Map link to Robert-Siewert-Straße, 10318 Berlin, Germany. Google Maps. Retrieved 14 April 2010
- ^ Map link to Robert-Siewert-Straße, 09122 Chemnitz, Germany. Google Maps. Retrieved 14 April 2010
External links edit
- Robert Siewert in the German National Library catalogue