Richard Rapier Stokes, MC (27 January 1897 – 3 August 1957) was a British soldier and Labour politician who served briefly as Lord Privy Seal in 1951.
Richard Stokes | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Minister of Materials | |
| In office 6 July 1951 – 26 October 1951 | |
| Leader | Clement Attlee |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Viscount Swinton |
| Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal | |
| In office 26 April 1951 – 26 October 1951 | |
| Leader | Clement Attlee |
| Preceded by | Ernest Bevin |
| Succeeded by | The Marquess of Salisbury |
| Minister of Works | |
| In office 28 February 1950 – 26 April 1951 | |
| Leader | Clement Attlee |
| Preceded by | Charles Key |
| Succeeded by | George Brown |
| Member of Parliament for Ipswich | |
| In office 16 February 1938 – 3 August 1957 | |
| Preceded by | John Ganzoni |
| Succeeded by | Dingle Foot |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Richard Rapier Stokes 27 January 1897 |
| Died | 3 August 1957 (aged 60) London, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Political party | Labour |
| Parent(s) | Philip Folliot Stokes Mary Fenwick Rapier |
| Alma mater | Trinity College, Cambridge |
Early life and family
editThe second son of Philip Folliott Stokes, a barrister, and his wife Mary Fenwick Rapier, the only surviving child of Richard Christopher Rapier (1836–1897) of Ransomes & Rapier,[1] Richard Stokes was educated at Downside School, Sandhurst and after the war Trinity College, Cambridge. He served in the Royal Artillery during World War I, winning the Military Cross and bar and the Croix de Guerre.[2]
His uncle Sir Wilfred Stokes, chairman and managing director of the engineering firm Ransomes & Rapier invented the Stokes Mortar in World War I. His uncle Leonard Stokes was an architect who designed the new buildings at Downside School (built 1912, when Richard was at Downside). Another uncle was the landscape painter Adrian Scott Stokes.
Richard Stokes was the maternal uncle of Katharine Hull, coauthor of The Far Distant Oxus and its sequels, and was also a good friend of author Arthur Ransome, who helped with the books publication.
Business career
editOn going down from Cambridge he joined his family's business, Ransomes & Rapier, and was made managing director at the age of 30. When rearmament was proposed by the National Government Stokes offered to charge the nation cost price for all his firm's rearmament work, although it was rejected by the National Government - a rejection he criticised in his maiden speech.[3] Though he held office under Labour governments he was said to have remained a backbencher at heart.[1]
Prewar political career
editStokes was chairman (1939) and supporter of the School of Economic Science,[4] an economics study group that expounded the economic theories of the American economist Henry George.[5]
He unsuccessfully fought Glasgow Central for Labour in 1935.
He was a member of the anti-semitic group, Militant Christian Patriots.[6]
Stokes won the Ipswich seat in a 1938 by-election, which he kept in the 1945, 1950, 1951 and 1955 elections. He was known for his independence in parliament.
Opposition to the Second World War
editPrior to the war, he co-wrote a paper (with Andrew MacLaren and George Lansbury) analysing the economic forces menacing peace in Europe.[7] He founded and led the Parliamentary Peace Aims Group which was critical of the war, although his opposition was regarded as being a "fascist fellow traveller" rather than a pacifist.[8]
He was personally friendly with prominent English far-right figures such as Hastings Russell, Marquis of Tavistock[9] and Gerard Wallop, Viscount Lymington.[10][6]
In January 1940, Stokes wrote a self financed pamphlet entitled What is Happening in Europe? sent to every member of both Houses of Parliament which was sympathetic to German arguments, explicitly blaming Poland which he called "a state monstrously swollen by aggression" while Czechoslovakia was "a fortress state obviously directed against Germany".[8]
Questioning the war's conduct
editWith Bishop George Bell and fellow Labour Member of Parliament (MP) Alfred Salter, he opposed area strategic bombing during World War II.[11] Stokes was seen as the most determined critic of area bombing in the House of Commons.[12]
It was Stokes's questions in the House of Commons[13] on the bombing of Dresden that were in large part responsible for the shift in British opinion against this type of raid. Frederick Taylor writes that Stokes repeated information from the German Press Agency (controlled by the Propaganda Ministry) and although the destruction of Dresden would have affected people's support for the Allies regardless of German propaganda, at least some of the outrage did depend on Goebbels' falsification of the casualty figures.[14]
Stokes raised other issues after the war relating to Yalta and the forced repatriation of Yugoslavs, and the treatment of Dr George Chatterton-Hill in Germany. He was part of the Hankey lobby that lobbied in favour of Wehrmacht generals so that they would be able to fight against the Soviet Union if needed. Stokes was also a prominent critic of the inadequacy of Allied tank design.
Postwar career
editFollowing the 1945 general election, Labour were returned to power. Stokes was denied office, possibly because of his war time politics,[2] devoted much of his energy to the Friends of Ireland group, of which he was treasurer.[15] He was a member of the Executive of Save Europe Now, a group formed to improve the conditions for civilians in the British occupation zone in Germany.[16]
He was appointed Lord Privy Seal and the new position of Minister of Materials in April 1951, succeeding Ernest Bevin but served only a few months before Labour lost the 1951 general election. He aimed to show that the proposed armaments programme could be carried out, contrary to Aneurin Bevan and Harold Wilson (who had resigned over this and other issues). He was involved in the controversy over the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. After Labour lost power to the Conservatives he was elected to the Shadow Cabinet where he served as shadow Defence spokesman,[3] although he was voted out in 1956.
Death
editStokes died at home on 3 August 1957 in London of an apparent heart attack, according to his death notice. A few days before, on 23 July, he had been in a road accident when his car overturned during a thunderstorm on the flooded London road at Stanway near Colchester. The injuries which he sustained contributed to his death from a pulmonary embolism.[17]
References
edit- ^ a b Obituary. Mr. R. R. Stokes. The Times, Monday, 5 August 1957; pg. 9; Issue 53911
- ^ a b Francis Beckett (25 March 2024). "Richard Rapier Stokes". Dictionary of Labour Party Biography. Politico's. pp. 546–8. ISBN 978-1-902301-18-1.
- ^ a b "Stokes, Richard Rapier". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ [need quotation to verify]Hodgkinson, Brian (2010). In Search of Truth. Shepheard-Walwyn. pp. 10, 20. ISBN 978-0-85683-276-5.
- ^ Land and Liberty, Henry George Foundation of Great Britain, 1933 p.231; 1935 p.89; 1936 p.94, 1937 p.97.
- ^ a b Crowcroft, Robert (October 2008). "'What is Happening in Europe?' Richard Stokes, Fascism, and the Anti-War Movement in the British Labour Party during the Second World War and After". History. 93 (4): 517. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229X.2008.00435.x. JSTOR 24428856. Retrieved 7 March 2023. Specific citation "17 Appointment diaries 1939 and 1940, Stokes Papers; David Cesarani, Justice Delayed (1992) [hereafter Cesarani, Justice Delayed], p. 173; Griffiths, Patriotism Perverted, pp. 225-6. See Thomas Linehan, British Fascism 1981-1939"
- ^ Stewart, John (2009). Standing for Justice. Shepheard-Walwyn. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-85683-194-2.
- ^ a b Crowcroft, Robert (October 2008). "'What is Happening in Europe?' Richard Stokes, Fascism, and the Anti-War Movement in the British Labour Party during the Second World War and After". History. 93 (4): 514–530. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229X.2008.00435.x. JSTOR 24428856. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
- ^ Page 226, Patriotism perverted : Captain Ramsay, the Right Club, and British anti-semitism, 1939-40, by Richard Griffiths
- ^ Pages 226 and 229, Patriotism perverted : Captain Ramsay, the Right Club, and British anti-semitism, 1939-40, by Richard Griffiths
- ^ "Richard Stokes".
- ^ Max Hastings (1981) Bomber Command: 202-203
- ^ "AIR ESTIMATES, 1945". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 6 March 1945.
- ^ Taylor, Frederick (2005). Dresden: Tuesday 13 February 1945. London: Bloomsbury. p. 426. ISBN 0747570841.
- ^ Bob Purdie, "The Friends of Ireland", in: Tom Gallagher, Contemporary Irish Studies, pp.81–94
- ^ 'Emotional but Influential': Victor Gollancz, Richard Stokes and the British Zone of Germany, 1945-9, John Farquharson, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 22, No. 3 (Jul., 1987), pp. 501-519 (19 pages)
- ^ The Times, London, 1957: 23 July p. 12; 5 August pp. 1,9