A rhoptron ((Greek: ρόπτρον), plural: rhoptra) was a buzzing drum used in Parthian music. According to Plutarch, the Parthian Empire used it made a frightening sound—resembling a mix of animal noises and lightning—to scare their opponents in battle, instead of the more typical Greek battlefield instruments like the salpinx.
According to Plutarch, a rhoptron was made from hollowed-out piece of pine or fir that had only one opening (stoma), unlike a frame drum, which were also used by the Greeks. This piece was somehow fitted with bronze bells (kōdōnes) and covered with oxhide, so that the bells collided with the head as it was played. In this way it resembles a snare drum more than a tambourine, though the latter is often used in translation. The rhoptra were played with the fingers, not sticks.
It was associated with the Corybantes in Ancient Greece.
Rhoptra were also known as rhombos, which also designated a bullroarer. Among the Ancient Greeks it also meant a door knocker,[1] a meaning it retains in the modern language.
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Further reading edit
- Blades, James (2001). "Timpani". In Bowles, Edmund A (ed.). Grove Music Online. Revised by Edmund A. Bowles. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.27985. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- Nikonorov, Valerii P. (2000). "The Use of Musical Percussion Instruments in Ancient Eastern Warfare: the Parthian and Middle Asian Evidence". In Hickmann, Ellen; Laufs, Ingo; Eichmann, Ricardo (eds.). Musikarchäologie früher Metallzeiten : Vorträge des 1. Symposiums der International Study Group on Music Archaeology im Kloster Michaelstein, 18.-24 Mai 1998 [Music archaeology of Early Metal Ages : papers from the 1st Symposium of the International Study Group on Music Archaeology at Monastery Michaelstein, 18-24 May, 1998]. Studien zur Musikarchäologie, 2. Rahden/Westf: M. Leidorf. OCLC 46766984.
- Lawergren, Bo (2001a). "Parthian Empire". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20973. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- Mathiesen, Thomas J.; et al. (2001). "Greece, §I: Ancient". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5.
- Mathiesen, Thomas J. (1999). Apollo's Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 173–176. ISBN 978-0-8032-3079-8.