The Res gestae Alexandri Macedonis (The Deeds of Alexander the Macedonian) is the earliest Latin translation of the Alexander Romance, usually dated between 270–330 AD and attributed to Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius. It is not the earliest Latin composition on Alexander the Great of any kind however, as already in the first century Quintus Curtius Rufus composed a lengthy historical account of Alexander's career in the language. It is also not to be confused with similarly titled works, such as the Res Gestae of Ammianus Marcellinus (an important source for the history of the later Roman Empire) or the Res Gestae Divi Augusti, a monumental inscription erected by the Roman emperor Augustus.
Despite being based on the α recension of the Alexander Romance, the Res gestae also has unique material such as Letter of Zeuxis. It is also characterized by the literary style of amplificatio, insofar as it is expansive in its narration of the original source meaning without changing or distorting its meaning.[1]
The text was sophisticated and complex, and so it would be surpassed in popularity by an abridged version of the text known as the Zacher Epitome from the 9th century and a subsequent Latin versions of the Romance like the 12th-century Historia de proeliis, both of which were much easier to read.[2] Among the earlier literary influences of Julius' account, the greatest that has been identified is that of Virgil especially in his Aeneid.[3]
Author
editThe author of the Res gestae was Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius, a Greek native who would learn Latin during his studies. The name of the author (as listed in the manuscripts) is somewhat confusing as it contains two nomina and two cognomina, and so some have proposed that the last two elements of the name, Alexander Polemius, arose as a scribal confusion of the phrase Alexandrou polemoi, or "Alexander’s Wars". Nevertheless, most have accepted the full name as his real one and he is typically identified, as in the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, with Flavius Polemius, who was Consul in 338 and Comes of the East in 345.[1]
Manuscripts and dating
editThe work is extant in three manuscripts. The oldest manuscript is a badly damaged palimpsest from Turin, dating to the seventh century. The other two manuscripts date to the tenth century, from Milan, and the twelfth century, from Paris.
The Res gestae is often dated between 270–330, but also sometimes between 360–380 (sometime in the late third or fourth century).[3] According to Richard Stoneman, the Iternarium (a later work that relies on the Res gestae) can be precisely dated between 340 and 345, meaning that the Res gestae must precede this. Stoneman also argues that the work must predate 330, as it describes the city of Rome as the capital of the empire, whereas in the year 330, the capital was moved from Rome to Constantinople. Likewise, the Aurelian Walls are mentioned in the text: these were built in 270, and so the work must date between 270 and 330.[1]
Influence
editAround 350, an Itinerarium Alexandri was composed based on the Res gestae and a lost work of Alexander's biography by Arrian. It is sometimes speculated that Julius Valerius is also the author of the Itinerarium. Julius Valerius' complete works were also used by Albéric de Pisançon (c. 1130), a source for the Old French Roman d'Alexandre and the Alexandried of the German poet Pfaffe Lamprecht.[4]
In the 9th-century, an abridged form of the Res gestae was written as the Zacher Epitome, also known as the Iulii Valerii Epitome which also became much more popular than the version of Julius and was the main conduit by which the Res gestae would subsequently exert its influence.[5] It also influenced the Roman d'Alexandre as well as the Histoire ancienne jusquʾà César, the Roman de toute chevalerie by Thomas of Kent, and the Speculum historiale of Vincent van Beauvais.[4]
Editions
edit- 1888 Teubner edition by Bernard Kuebler.
- 2002 edition by Michaela Rosellini.[6]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Stoneman, Richard (2004). "The Latin Alexander". In Hofmann, Heinz (ed.). Latin fiction: the Latin novel in context. London: Routledge. pp. 147–150. ISBN 978-0-415-14722-4.
- ^ Wulfram, Hartmut (2018). "Intertextuality through translation: the foundation of Alexandria and Virgil in Julius Valerius' Alexander Romance". The Alexander Romance: history and literature. Ancient narrative. Groningen: Barkhuis & Groningen University Library. pp. 169–170. ISBN 978-94-92444-71-4.
- ^ a b Wulfram, Hartmut (2018). "Intertextuality through translation: the foundation of Alexandria and Virgil in Julius Valerius' Alexander Romance". The Alexander Romance: history and literature. Ancient narrative. Groningen: Barkhuis & Groningen University Library. pp. 169–188. ISBN 978-94-92444-71-4.
- ^ a b Melle, Anthony G. van; Gerritsen, Willem P., eds. (2000). A dictionary of medieval heroes: characters in Medieval narrative traditions and their afterlife in literature, theatre and the visual arts (Reprinted in paperback ed.). Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-85115-780-1.
- ^ Ibn Tibbon, Shmuel (1992). Bekkum, Wouter J. van (ed.). A Hebrew Alexander romance according to MS London, Jews' College no. 145. Leuven: Peeters. p. 15. ISBN 978-90-6831-395-6.
- ^ "Review of: Iulius Valerius, Res gestae Alexandri Macedonis. Editio correctior cum addendis". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660.