Po Klaong Mah Nai (d. after 1627), also spelled Po Klong Menai, Po Klău Manai or Po Klong M'hnai, was a king of Panduranga Champa, ruling from 1622 to 1627. His short reign is mainly known from later historical traditions, but seems to have been important in terms of demographic and cultural changes.
| Po Klaong Mah Nai | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| King of Champa King of Panduranga | |||||
 | |||||
| King of Champa | |||||
| Reign | 1622–1627 | ||||
| Predecessor | Po Aih Khang | ||||
| Successor | Po Rome | ||||
| Born | ? Champa | ||||
| Died | after 1627 Băl Canar, Panduranga, Champa (in present-day Phan Rí Cửa, Tuy Phong District, Bình Thuận Province, Vietnam) | ||||
| Spouse | Bia Som | ||||
| Issue | Bia Than Chih | ||||
| |||||
| Religion | Islam (presumably) | ||||
Accession and reign
editHe was a Cham officer with the noble rank Maha Taha, and did not belong to the royal family. He was either a Muslim or pro-Muslim and was posthumously commemorated as a Sultan.[1]
Information about Po Klaong Mah Nai is sparse, but historian Keith Taylor has surmised that he killed his predecessor, the Hindu king Po Aih Khang, in 1622 and seized the throne. He chased off visiting Jesuits who had started proselytizing in mainland Southeast Asia by this time.[2] In the years 1622 to 1630, Dutch merchant ships were attacked by "Malay" soldiers in South China Sea; actually it has been surmised that they were attacked by Chams rather than Malays.[3][4]
Migrations and religious rivalries
editThe kingdom had experienced losses against the Nguyễn lords in 1611, and the decline of the coastal Cham population increased the importance of upland tribes in the Cham polity.[2] The Cham Mangbalai manuscript speaks about an influx of immigrants: "Rahan, Khmers, Chinese, Vietnamese, and Takan, migrated in masses to our kingdom which retrieved its capital." It is not certain what is meant with Rahan and Takan. Another passage has a metaphoric description of the king: "Then is seen a man comparable to a large tree, old, without leaves, nevertheless giving good shade. The people and the Banis (Muslims) owe their happiness to this tree. Then Po Mah Taha reigns."[5] All this would suggest a period of restoration and increase of manpower. However, other Cham traditions assert that antagonistic relations emerged between the Bani (Muslim) and Kafir (Hindu) groups. The chaos resulting from the bitter rivalry was only resolved by the next king, Po Rome.[6]
According to Cham historical tradition, Po Klaong Mah Nai wished to abdicate his throne after a short reign. By his queen Bia Som,[7] he only had a daughter, and looked around for a male successor. His chief astrologer pointed out a young man who tended the king's buffaloes, Po Rome. He was elevated to the throne and married to the old ruler's daughter Bia Than Chih.[8] This occurred in 1627. Some accounts identify Po Rome as a Churu chief, underlining the increasing role of upland ethnicities in Cham society.[2]
It is not known how long the ex-ruler lived after his abdication. The Po Klaong Mah Nai grave monument is situated in Thuan Luong, Phan Rí, about 15 km from Bắc Bình District, Bình Thuận Province.[9] His is posthumously known as Sulatan Ya Inra Cahya Basupa (Sultan Jaya Indra, splendour of the Puspa flower).[10]
References
edit- ^ E.M. Durand (1906) "Notes sur les Chams", Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient 6, p. 288.[1]
- ^ a b c K. W. Taylor (2013). A History of Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press. p. 301. ISBN 978-0-521-87586-8.
- ^ Tìm hiểu cộng đồng người Chăm tại Việt Nam: Cố gắng tồn tại trong khó khăn
- ^ Nam Chiêm Thành trong thời Nguyễn sơ
- ^ Étienne Aymonier (1890) "Legendes historiques des Chams", Excursions et reconnaissances 14, p. 171-2[2]
- ^ Yoshimoto Yasuko ((2011) "A Study of the Almanac of the Cham in South-Central Vietnam", in Trân Ky Phuong et al. (eds), The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 326.
- ^ Ja Karo (2013) "Giới thiệu đền Po Klaong Mah Nai, Phan Rí", Champaka.info.[3]
- ^ Étienne Aymonier (1890) "Legendes historiques des Chams", Excursions et reconnaissances 14, p. 173-4.[4]
- ^ Giới thiệu đền Po Klaong Mah Nai, Phan Rí
- ^ E.M. Durand (1906) "Notes sur les Chams", Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient 6, p. 288.[5]