Patočka (feminine Patočková) is a Czech surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Barbora Patočková (born 1998), Czech ice hockey player
- František Patočka (1904–1985), Czech physician, microbiologist, serologist
- František Patočka (sculptor) (1927–2002), Slovak sculptor (sk)
- Jan Patočka (1907–1977), Czech philosopher and dissident, a key figure in phenomenology and Charter 77
- Jürgen Patocka (born 1977), Austrian football player
- Libuše Patočková (1933–2010), Czech cross-country skier