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Strobilanthes tonkinensis

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Strobilanthes tonkinensis is a species of herbaceous plant native to Southeast Asia. It is used as a flavoring for tea and other food.

Strobilanthes tonkinensis
Seedlings of S. tonkinensis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Acanthaceae
Genus: Strobilanthes
Species:
S. tonkinensis
Binomial name
Strobilanthes tonkinensis
Varieties[3]
  • Strobilanthes tonkinensis var. sarmentosus Benoist, 1935[2]
  • Strobilanthes tonkinensis var. tonkinensis
Countries and territories where S. tonkinensis is found
Synonyms[3]
S. tonkinensis type specimen
Sticky rice herb (dry)
Nutritional value per 100 g
 
Dietary fibre11.3 g
5.2 g
21.8 g
Threonine0.67 g
Isoleucine0.66 g
Leucine1.26 g
Lysine0.83 g
Cystine0.05 g
Phenylalanine0.89 g
Tyrosine0.49 g
Valine0.82 g
Arginine0.73 g
Histidine0.34 g
Alanine1.00 g
Aspartic acid1.50 g
Glutamic acid1.37 g
Glycine1.02 g
Serine0.66 g
Vitamins and minerals
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
178%
2314 mg
Copper
13244%
119.2 mg
Iron
4397%
791.5 mg
Magnesium
202%
849 mg
Manganese
131487%
3024.2 mg
Phosphorus
14%
174 mg
Potassium
70%
2110 mg
Zinc
18283%
2011.1 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water63%
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[10] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[11]
Source: [9]

Names

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Many sources still refer to the plant by the synonym Semnostachya menglaensis, but this name is not a validly published name as that herbarium where the type specimen is located was not specified.[7]

The genus name Strobilanthes can be broken down into στροβιλοϛ (strobilus) meaning 'pine cone',[12] and ανϑοϛ (anthos) meaning 'flower'.[13] The specific epithet tonkinensis refers to the type locality of Tonkin (Northern Vietnam).[1] The epithet nivea derives from the latin niveum meaning 'snow white',[14] perhaps referring to the white flowers. The epithet menglaensis refers to Mengla County in China.[6]

In Chinese it is called 糯米香 (nuò mǐ xiāng "glutinous rice fragrance"),[7] because it smells and tastes like sticky rice.[9] In Thai, it is called เนียมหอม[15] (niamhom).[16] The Vietnamese names for the plant include chuỳ hoa bắc bộ and cơm nếp.[17][18] Chuỳ hoa refers to members of Strobilanthes as a whole,[19] and Bắc Bộ refers to Northern Vietnam. The sarmentosus variety is called chuỳ hoa bắc bộ có lỏng.[17] Khmu language speakers in Laos call it pl̀tàap.[20]

Uses

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The aroma evokes sticky rice, but has also been compared to pandan.[16] Dried leaves of S. tonkinensis are used to flavor black tea and pu'er tea to impart its fragrance and sticky rice flavor.[21] The use of the leaves in tea has a long tradition among the Dai people.[22] It can also be used as a flavoring for jiuqu, cookies, ice cream, and dim sum.[23] The herb can also be mixed with slaked lime for betel nut chewing or added to tobacco to make those strong flavors more palatable.[24]

Outside of food or drink, the leaves can be used to give laundry a fresh scent.[24]

Taxonomy

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Genomic information
NCBI genome IDMW525447
Sequenced organellechloroplast genome[8]
Organelle size0.144765
Year of completion2021

S. tonkinensis appears related to S. maculatus, but has much larger flowers, leaves, and bracts; as well as having denser trichomes.[1] S. spathulatibracteata also is morphologically similar.[25]

S. tonkinensis was briefly in the Strobilanthes subgenus Sympagis.[5] The subgenus was subsequently elevated to genus status,[5] before being determined to be a synonym of Strobilanthes,[26] which now has no subgenera.

The variety Strobilanthes tonkinensis var. sarmentosus is so named because it has sarmentose (long and slender) branches.[2]

When the chloroplast genome was sequenced, it was compared to other species within Acanthaceae and the below maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was produced.[8] The numbers on the nodes are the bootstrap values.[8]

Description

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The plant is herbaceous with a woody base and shrubby, roughly four-sided, pubescent branches.[1][7] When dry the plant is fragrant.[7]

The leaves are ~23×12 cm or a little smaller and egg-shaped, starting wide and narrowing quickly to the acuminate apex (tip). The margins are nearly entire, with irregular sinuous 'teeth'. The leaf epidermal cells are hexagonal with straight cell walls.[27] The leaf stomata are hypostomatic (on the abaxial side) and solely diacytic.[27] The non-glandular leaf trichomes tend to be simple, composed of two cells, and cone-shaped.[27] The leaf petioles are 3–4 cm long.[1] Adaxially there are prominent striated cystoliths[1][7] with a point on one end.[27]

S. tonkinensis has white flowers that are opposite, arising from pedunculate, tomentose spikelets in the upper axils.[1] The flowers are in lax, terminal spikes similar to Strobilanthes collina.[28] The bracts are 10×3 mm, slightly spathulate, obtuse, and densely tomentose.[1] Bracteoles are 6×1 mm in size, lanceolate, obtuse, and densely tomentose.[1] The calyx is also obtuse and tomentose, and about 8.5×1.4 mm.[1] The corolla lobes are short and 6x6 mm with a subacute and sinuate apex.[1] The stamen filaments are hairy and laterally bifurcated at the base with a pubescent line running down.[1] Anthers are 3.5 mm long.[1] The pollen grains are 85×60 μm.[1] The stylus is 20 mm long and glabrous with a 3 mm stigma.[1]

The capsule is 15 mm long and 4 mm wide, with a compressed base and acute apex.[1] It's minutely glandular-pubescentand contains four glabrous seeds.[1] The glabrous seed is unusual among Strobilanthes of East Asia.[29] The seeds have no trichomes on their areoles, only annular thickenings.[29]

Distribution

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The plant can typically be found in tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests at 200–1500 m in elevation in Vietnam, Thailand, China (Yunnan and Guangxi),[7] Laos,[30] Indonesia (Sumatra),[27] and Myanmar (Chin State and Tanintharyi Region).[31]

S. tonkinensis cannot grow in direct sunlight, nor in conditions that are too shaded or moist.[16]

The type was found by Benjamin Balansa in Tonkin (Northern Vietnam) in the forests of the Ba Vì mountain range at 400 m in elevation.[1]

Biochemistry

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Dried S. tonkinensis leaves contains abundant minerals and trace elements, particularly high levels of calcium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus.[9] Additionally, it contains essential trace elements such as iron, copper, manganese, and zinc, which are necessary for human health.[9] The plant is rich in nutrients such as crude protein, crude fiber, and amino acids, with a high content of essential amino acids that meets the Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization's recommended ratio.[9]

The volatile molecules the contribute to the aroma include α-ionone, trans-β-ionone, linalool oxide (pyranoid), isophorone, formic acid dodecyl ester, acetophenone, 6-methyl-pentadecane, 4-chloro-2-methyl-1-phenyl-3-buten-1-ol, 3-octanol, 3-hexenyl ester, 3-carene, 3,6,6-trimethyl-bicyclo(3.1.1)hept-2-ene, 2-hydroxy-benzoic acid ethyl ester, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 1-phenyl-1,2-propanediol, 1-octen-3-ol, 1-nonanol, 1-dodecanol, 1,7,7-trimethyl-bicyclo(2.2.1)hept-2-ene, and (Z)-butanoic acid.[21]

Ecology

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S. tonkinensis flowers from April–June and in December, and fruits in June and July.[7]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Lindau, Gustav (1897). "Acanthaceæ Americanæ et Asiaticæ Novaæ vel Minus Cognitæ". Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier (in Latin). 5. Genève, Switzerland: 651. Archived from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  2. ^ a b Benoist, Raymond (1935). Gagnepain, François; Humbert, Henri; Lecomte, P. Henri (eds.). Flore Générale de l'Indo-Chine (in French). Vol. 4. Paris: Masson. p. 677. Archived from the original on 26 June 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  3. ^ a b "Strobilanthes tonkinensis Lindau". World Flora Online (WFO) Plant List. June 2023. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  4. ^ Craib, William Grant (1 May 1914). "Contributions to the Flora of Siam". Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Royal Gardens, Kew. 3: 131. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  5. ^ a b c Bremekamp, Cornelis Eliza Bertus (1944). Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen. Afdeeling Natuurkunde, Sectie 2. Vol. 41. Amsterdam: N.V. Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers-Maatschappij. p. 254. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  6. ^ a b Tsui, Hung Pin (2002). 中国植物志 [Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae] (in Chinese). Vol. 70. p. 349. Archived from the original on 23 June 2024. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Wu, Z.; Raven, P. H., eds. (2011). "57. Strobilanthes tonkinensis Lindau, Bull. Herb. Boissier. 5: 651. 1897". Floras of China. Missouri Botanical Garden & Harvard University Herbaria. p. 388, 406. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d Fang, Liu; Wang, Ying; Guo, Cui-Ling; Wang, Xing-Ya (27 May 2021). "The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Strobilanthes tonkinensis Lindau". Mitochondrial DNA Part B. 6 (6): 1786–1787. doi:10.1080/23802359.2021.1934144. OCLC 9128273870. PMC 8168735. PMID 34104775.
  9. ^ a b c d e Hong, Liu; Fankui, Zeng; Lehe, Tan; Hongying, Zhu (25 April 2011). "Preliminary Study on the Nutritional Composition of Semmostachya menglaensis". Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops (in Chinese). 32 (4): 749–751. Archived from the original on 21 June 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  10. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  11. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 9 May 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  12. ^ Griffith, Chuck. "Dictionary of Botanical Epithets stramineus – suavissimus". Dictionary of Botanical Epithets. Archived from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  13. ^ Griffith, Chuck. "Dictionary of Botanical Epithets antarcticus – apiifolius". Dictionary of Botanical Epithets. Archived from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  14. ^ Griffith, Chuck. "Dictionary of Botanical Epithets nidiformis – nocturnus". Dictionary of Botanical Epithets. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  15. ^ จรัสรัตนไพบูลย์, อนุวัฒน์; ไมตรี, ลออทิพย์; จรัสรัตนไพบูลย์, โยษิตา. "การพัฒนารูปแบบการผลิตเนียมหอมเชิงการค้า โดยประยุกต์ใช้อินเตอร์เน็ตของสรรพสิ่ง" (PDF). สำนักวิจัยและส่งเสริมวิชาการการเกษตร มหาวิทยาลัยแม่โจ้ The Office of Agricultural Research and Extension Maejo University (in Thai). Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  16. ^ a b c Susawaengsup, Chanthana; Jaradrattanapaiboon, Anuwat; Sornsakdanuphap, Jirapong; Choengpanya, Khuanjarat; Jaradrattanapaiboon, Yosita; Tongkoom, Krittiya; Bhuyar, Prakash (1 December 2022). "Effect of Fertilization Combined with Shading on Growth and Aromatic Constituents of Niamhom (Strobilanthes nivea Craib) Using an Internet of Things (IoT) Controlled Irrigation System". Horticulturae. 8 (12): 1130. doi:10.3390/horticulturae8121130. ISSN 2311-7524. OCLC 9818456828.
  17. ^ a b Lê, T.C. (2005). Danh lục các loài thực vật Việt Nam (in Vietnamese). Vol. 3. Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp. p. 276. Archived from the original on 26 June 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
  18. ^ "Strobilanthes tonkinensis Lindau". Vietnam Plant Data Center. BotanyVN – Botany Research and Development Group of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
  19. ^ Phạm, Thị Oanh; Đỗ, Thị Xuyến; Nguyễn, Trung Thành (2022). "Nghiên cứu các kiểu thảm thực vật tại Khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên Chạm Chu, tỉnh Tuyên Quang" [Study on Vegetation at Cham Chu Nature Reserve, Tuyen Quang Province]. VNU Journal of Science: Natural Sciences and Technology (in Vietnamese). 38 (3): 2–9. OCLC 9580518668. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
  20. ^ Svantesson, Jan-Olof; Ràw (Damrong Tayanin), Kàm; Kristina, Lindell; Lundstrom, Håkan (2014). Dictionary of Kammu Yùan Language and Culture. NIAS Press. p. 442. ISBN 9788776941161. OCLC 837137417. pl̀tàap nuomixiang, Strobilanthes tonkinensis F
  21. ^ a b Hua, Jinjie; Li, Jia; Ouyang, Wen; Wang, Jinjin; Yuan, Haibo; Jiang, Yongwen (7 June 2022). Vincenzetti, Silvia (ed.). "Effect of Strobilanthes tonkinensis Lindau Addition on Black Tea Flavor Quality and Volatile Metabolite Content". Foods. 11 (12): 1678. doi:10.3390/foods11121678. ISSN 2304-8158. OCLC 9635165686. PMC 9222377. PMID 35741875.
  22. ^ PAN, Yu-Mei; LIU, Hong-Mao; XU, Zai-Fu (2006). "西双版纳傣族传统饮料植物利用的研究" [Traditional Beverage Plants Used by Dai Villagers in Xishuangbanna]. Plant Diversity / Acta Botanica Yunnanica (in Chinese). 28 (6): 664. Archived from the original on 23 June 2024. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  23. ^ WU, Gang; MA, Shuai; ZHANG, Cuiling; ZHUANG, Huifa; ZHANG, Jiaming (25 July 2011). "糯米香种质资源遗传多样性的 RAPD 分析" [Analysis to Genetic Diversity in Strobilanthes tonkinensis by RAPD]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops (in Chinese). 32 (7): 1320–1324. ISSN 1000-2561. Archived from the original on 22 June 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  24. ^ a b Pengproh, Rattana; Silaket, Pawinee; Boonrung, Santhayaan; Kusolkumbot, Pokchut (30 October 2019). "ผลของสารต้านอนุมูลอิสระและสารสกัดหยาบเนียมหอมร่วมกับสมุนไพรพื้นบ้าน ต่อการยับยั้งเชื้อแบคทีเรียก่อโรคบางชนิด" [Effect of Antioxidant and Crude Extract of Strobilanthes nivea With Traditional Herbs on Inhibition of Some Pathogenic Bacteria] (PDF). วารสารวิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี มหาวิทยาลัยอุบลราชธานี (in Thai). 21 (3). ISSN 2697-4142. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2024. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  25. ^ DO VAN HAI; NGUYEN THU THUY; ZHELI LIN; YUNFEI DENG (12 May 2023). "Strobilanthes spathulatibracteata, a new species of Acanthaceae from northern Vietnam". Phytotaxa. 597 (2): 184–192. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.597.2.8. ISSN 1179-3155. OCLC 9863721575. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  26. ^ "Sympagis (Nees) Bremek". The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Archived from the original on 23 June 2024. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  27. ^ a b c d e SURATMAN, SURATMAN; SURANTO, SURANTO; MUZZAZINAH, MUZZAZINAH; PURNOMO, PURNOMO (July 2022). "Leaf anatomical characters variation of Strobilanthes s.l. from Sumatra, Indonesia and its taxonomic implications". Biodiversitas, Journal of Biological Diversity. 23 (7): 3706–3721. doi:10.13057/biodiv/d230748. ISSN 1412-033X. OCLC 9879067145. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  28. ^ Wood, J. R. I.; Scotland, R. W. (2003). "Strobilanthes: Panicled Species from East Asia". Kew Bulletin. 58 (3): 679. Bibcode:2003KewBu..58..679W. doi:10.2307/4111148. ISSN 0075-5974. JSTOR 4111148. OCLC 5553185253. Archived from the original on 26 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024. Those in which the flowers are in lax terminal spikes, particularly Strobilanthes collina Nees and S. tonkinensis Lindau.
  29. ^ a b Terao, Hiroshi (March 1980). "Notes on some species of Strobilanthes (Acanthaceae) from Thailand (1)" [タイ国産イセハナビ属の数種について]. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica. 31 (1–3): 61–64. ISSN 0001-6799. OCLC 9658839422. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
  30. ^ Lamxay, V.; Lanorsavanh, S.; Chanthavong, K.; Souvannakhoummane, K.; Bounphanmy, S. (2021). ບັນຊີລາຍຊື່ພືດທີ່ມີທໍ່ລໍາລຽງຂອງ ສປປ ລາວ [A Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Lao PDR version 1.0] (PDF) (in Lao). Faculty of Natural Science, National University of Laos. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 June 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
  31. ^ Wood, John R. I.; Aung, Mu Mu; Wells, Tom; Armstrong, Kate E. (15 June 2022). "Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae) in Myanmar, a new species and an updated checklist". Kew Bulletin. 77 (2): 521–539. Bibcode:2022KewBu..77..521W. doi:10.1007/s12225-022-10033-4. OCLC 9560889556. S2CID 249730953. Strobilanthes tonkinensis Lindau (1897: 651). distribution. Myanmar: Chin State (Natma Taung, Mindat, Law Shein 088320 [FHO, MBK]); Tanintharyi Region (Parkinson s.n. [CAL]). Thailand; Vietnam; China.
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