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Al-Muqawqis (Arabic: المقوقس, Coptic: ⲡⲭⲁⲩⲕⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ, ⲡⲓⲕⲁⲩⲕⲟⲥ, romanized: p-khaukianos, pi-kaukos, lit. 'man of the Caucasus'[1][2][3]) is mentioned in Muslim history as a ruler of Egypt who corresponded with Muhammad. He is widely identified with the last prefect of Egypt, Cyrus of Alexandria, who was the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria of the second era of Byzantine Egypt (628-642).
An alternative view identifies al-Muqawqis with the governor of Sasanian Egypt, said to be a Greek man named "Kirolos, leader of the Copts",[citation needed] although the Sassanian governor at the time was the military leader named Shahrbaraz.
Account by Muslim historians edit
Ibn Ishaq and other Muslim historians record that sometime between February 628 and 632, Muhammad sent epistles to the political heads of Medina's neighboring regions, both in the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East, including to al-Muqawqis:
[Muhammad] had sent out some of his companions in different directions to the kings [recte sovereigns] of the Arabs and the non-Arabs inviting them to Islam in the period between al-Ḥudaybiya and his death...[he] divided his companions and sent...Ḥāṭib b. Abū Baltaʿa to the Muqauqis ruler of Alexandria. He handed over to him the...[5]
Al-Tabari states that the delegation was sent in Dhu al-Hijja in the sixth hijri year (April or May 628).[6] Ibn Sa'd states that the Muqawqis sent his gifts to Muhammad in 7 A.H. (after May 628).[7] This is consistent with his assertion that Maria al-Qibtiyya bore Muhammad's son Ibrahim in late March or April 630,[7] so Maria had arrived in Medina before July 629.
Letter of invitation to Islam edit
The epistle that Muhammad sent to al-Muqawqis, through his emissary Hatib ibn Abi Balta'ah, and his reply are both available.
From Muhammad, servant of God and His apostle to al-Muqawqis, premier of Egypt:
Peace unto whoever followeth the guided path!
And thereafter, I verily call thee to the call of Submission [to God] ("Islam"). Submit (i.e., embrace Islam) and be safe [from perdition, as] God shall compensate thy reward two-folds. But if thou turn away, then upon thee will be the guilt [of delusion] of the Egyptians.
Then "O People of the Scripture, come to a term equitable between us and you that we worship none but God and associate [as partners in worship] with Him nothing, and we take not one another as Lords apart from God. [Then God says] But if they turn away, then say: Bear witness that we are Submitters [to God] ("Muslims").[8]
The epistle was signed with the seal of Muhammad.
Al-Muqawqis ordered that the letter be placed in an ivory casket[7] to be kept safely in the government treasury. The letter was found in an old Christian monastery among Coptic books in the town of Akhmim, Egypt and now resides in the Topkapi Palace Museum's Department of Holy Relics after the Ottoman sultan Abdülmecid I brought it to Istanbul.[9] Al-Muqawqis is said to have replied with a letter that read:[10]
To Muhammad son of Abd-Allah from al-Muqawqis, premier of Egypt:
Peace unto thee!
Thereafter, I have already read thy letter, and comprehended what thou mentioned therein and what thou called me to. I have known that a prophet is still due [to come] but I thought he would emerge in the Levant (aš-Šām).
I have already treated with dignity thy messenger, and I am sending to thee two slave-girls whose position in Egypt is great, and [also] clothes, and I am sending as gifts to thee a she-mule for thee to ride. Then [I end here:] Peace unto thee!
The two slave-girls mentioned are Maria al-Qibtiyya, whom Muhammad married, and her sister Sirin bint Shamun, whom Hassan ibn Thabit married.[7]
It is said that a recluse in the monastery pasted it on his Bible and from there a French Orientalist obtained it and sold it the Sultan for £300.[citation needed] The authenticity of the preserved sample and the elaborate accounts by medieval Islamic historians regarding the events surrounding the letter have also been questioned by modern historians.[11]
Explanation of the name edit
The word muqawqis is the Arabized form of Coptic ⲡⲓⲕⲁⲩⲕⲟⲥ, meaning "the man from the Caucasus," an epithet among the Copts for the Melchite patriarch Cyrus, who was seen as a corrupt and foreign usurper of Pope Benjamin I of Alexandria.[2][3] The word was subsequently used by Arab writers for some other patriarchs in Alexandria such as George I of Alexandria (Jurayj ibn Mīnā "Georgios son of Menas Parkabios";[12] alternatively, "Jurayj ibn Mattá"),[13]
Film and television depictions edit
- Al-Muqawqis was portrayed by Egyptian actor Salah Zulfikar in Muhammad, Messenger of Allah to the World, TV series aired on Egyptian TV in 1993.[14]
References edit
- ^ Werner., Vycichl (1984) [1983]. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue copte. Leuven: Peeters. ISBN 9782801701973. OCLC 11900253.
- ^ a b Coquin, René-Georges (1975). Livre de la consecration du sanctuaire de Benjamin (in French). Paris: Institut Francais D - Archeologie Orientale. pp. 110–112.
- ^ a b Alcock, Anthony (1983). The Life of Samuel of Kalamun by Isaac the Presbyter. Warminster [Wiltshire], England: Aris & Phillips.
- ^ Khan, Muhammad Zafrulla (1980). Muhammad, seal of the prophets. Majlis Khuddamul Ahmadiyya. pp. x. ISBN 978-0-85525-992-1.
[T]he original of the letter was discovered in 1858 by Monsieur Etienne Barthelemy, member of a French expedition, in a monastery in Egypt and is now carefully preserved in Constantinople. Several photographs of the letter have since been published. The first one was published in the well-known Egyptian newspaper Al-Hilal in November 1904.
The drawing of the letter published in Al-Hilal was reproduced in David Samuel Margoliouth, Mohammed and the Rise of Islam, London (1905), p. 365, which is the source of this image. - ^ Guillaume, Alfred (1967). The Life Of Muhammad: A Translation of Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah (13th ed.). Karachi: Oxford University Press. p. 653. ISBN 0-19-636033-1. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
- ^ Tabari, Tarikh al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk, vol. 8. Translated by Fishbein, M. (1997). The Victory of Islam, p. 98. New York: State University of New York Press.
- ^ a b c d Salloomi, M. Abd Allah Al (1996). Kitab at-Tabaqat al-Kubra of Muhammad Bin Sa'd (d.230/844): The Missing and Unpublished Part of the Third Generation (Tabaqah) of the Sahabah : a Critical Study and Edition. Lampeter: University of Wales. p. 260.
- ^ al-Jawzīyah, Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr Ibn Qayyim (1973). Zad al-Ma'ad Fi Huda Khayr al-'Ibad (in Arabic). Beirut: Dar al-Fikr. p. 72.
- ^ Öz, Tahsin (1953). Hirka-i saadet dairesi ve Emanat-i mukaddese (in Turkish). İsmail Akgün Matbaasi. p. 47.
- ^ "حاطب بن أبي بلتعة سفيراً إلى المقوقس - الرياضي - البيان". albayan.ae (in Arabic). AlBayan. 9 October 2007. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
- ^ Bolshakov, Oleg Georgievich (1989). История Халифата (History of the Caliphate) (in Russian). "Наука, " Глав. ред. восточной лит-ры. ISBN 978-5-02-016552-6.
- ^ Ibn Jirjis, Abū al-Mukārim Saʿd Allāh (1895). The Churches & Monasteries of Egypt and some neighbouring countries attributed to Abû Ṣâlih, the Armenian. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-813156-4.
- ^ Mubârakpûrî, Safî-ur-Rahmân (2002). Sealed Nectar : Biography of the Noble Prophet. Medina, Saudi Arabia: Dar-Us-Salam Publications. ISBN 978-1-59144-071-0.
- ^ Series - Muhamad Rasul Allah Ila Elalam - 1993 Cast، Video، Trailer، photos، Reviews، Showtimes, retrieved 2022-02-18