Muhammad Rafi (also known as Diya ad-Din Abul-Fath al-Makki or Mullah Rafi) was a medieval Dagestani historian who lived in the second half of the 13th century. The author of the historical chronicle "Tarikhi Dagestan" (“History of Dagestan”) written in 1312–1313. The chronicle was supplemented and received its final form only in the 17th century.[1][2]
Tarikhi Dagestan edit
"Tarikhi Dagestan" includes several texts created at different times.[3] The most ancient part of "Tarikh Dagestan" can be considered its beginning – a story about the pagan Avar lands, about the income of Nutsal (ruler) and the former greatness of the rulers of Avar lands, known in Arabic historical and geographical literature of the 9th–10th centuries under the name Sarir.[4]
"Tarikh Dagistan"[5] is also a collection of various historical stories relating to different historical periods, and also contains a number of legendary stories.[6] In the structure of the chronicle, four independent directions of narration can be distinguished:[7] the fate of paganism and the rulers of the Avar region (Avaria), Islamization of the Dagestan population; the struggle of the Dagestanis against the Mongol invaders,[8] feudalism in Dagestan and the shamkhal rulers of the 14th-century.[1]
The original version of this work was also written much earlier before the birth of this author, presumably in 318–930.[9][10] Vladimir Minorsky suggested dating the work to the 13th-century,[11] with which the Soviet Caucasian specialist L. Lavrov agreed.[12]
Currently, more than 40 lists of Tarikhi Dagestan are known in copies of the 18th – early 20th centuries. All texts are in Arabic and the scribes are Dagestanis by origin.[13] It is noteworthy to mention that list No.38 was used by Abbasgulu Bakikhanov in "Golestan-e Eram".[14] However, he himself notes that in the manuscript of 1030 AH (1620), excerpts from a story written in 712 AH (1312) by Muhammad Rafi and old notes from an essay compiled in 318 AH (930) were used.[4]
Vladimir Minorsky also wrote: “This is a collection of local legends about some descendants of the “Uncles of the Prophet”, who allegedly emigrated to Dagestan from Syria.[15]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b Islam in the territory of the former Russian Empire. Encyclopedic Dictionary. St. Petersburg: Eastern literature. 1999.
- ^ Extract from the history of Dagestan, compiled by Muhammad Rafi. Tbilisi: Collection of information about the Caucasian highlanders. 1871.
- ^ Musaev, Suleiman (2014). "Dagestan, Iran and Arab caliphate in Dagestani historical writings". Гуманитарные, социально-экономические и общественные науки (2): 249–251. ISSN 2220-2404.
- ^ a b "Тарих Дагестан Мухаммадрафи". 2014-07-15. Archived from the original on 2014-07-15. Retrieved 2023-02-13.
- ^ Malamagomedov, Jamaludin (2020-12-29). "Arabographic sources on the history of Dagestan in the Avar language (19th – early 20th century): paleographic characteristics and general overview". Историческая и социально-образовательная мысль (in Russian). 12 (6): 26–39. doi:10.17748/2075-9908-2020-12-6-26-39. ISSN 2219-6048.
- ^ Dagestani "Epos", its time and heroes (PDF). 2007.
- ^ Fadl Avad, Muati Fatima (2018). Life and work of Ahmad al-Yamani: on the question of cultural and historical relationships of the middle East and Dagestan in the 10th-15th centuries (PDF). Moscow: Federal State budget Institution of Science of Oriental studies. Russian Academy of sciences. p. 37.
- ^ Musaev, Suleiman (2016). "Mongol-Tatar invasion of Gazikumukh 1239–1240". Историческая и социально-образовательная мысль. 8 (2): 65–68. ISSN 2075-9908.
- ^ Alikberov, Alikber (2003). The era of classical Islam in the Caucasus. Abu-Bakr ad-Darbandi and his Sufi encyclopedia "Raykhan al-khaka'ik" (11–12 centuries). Eastern literature. p. 319. ISBN 5-02-018190-0.
- ^ "Questions of dating "Tarikh Dagestan"". mkala.mk.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-02-13.
- ^ Minorsky, Vladimir (1958). A History of Sharvan and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries. Cambridge. p. 23.
- ^ Lavrov, Leonid (1966). Epigraphic monuments of the North Caucasus in Arabic, Persian and Turkish. Moscow: Science. pp. 179, 187–188, 194.
- ^ Shikhsaidov, Amri (1972). Dagestan historical chronicle "Tarikh Dagestan". Makhachkala: Written monuments of the East. pp. 5–21.
- ^ Bakikhanov, Abbasgulu. Golestan-e Eram. pp. 59–63.
- ^ Minorsky, Vladimir (1958). A History of Sharvan and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries. Cambridge. pp. 24–25.