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Whit Monday or Pentecost Monday, also known as Monday of the Holy Spirit, is the holiday celebrated the day after Pentecost, a moveable feast in the Christian liturgical calendar. It is moveable because it is determined by the date of Easter. In the Catholic Church, it is the Memorial of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Mother of the Church, marking the resumption of Ordinary Time.
| Whit Monday | |
|---|---|
 Medieval Russian icon of the Old Testament Trinity by Andrei Rublev, used as the icon of the feast for Whit Monday. | |
| Also called | Pentecost Monday (Western), Monday of the Holy Spirit (Eastern) |
| Observed by | Many European countries and some former colonies |
| Type | Christian, Public |
| Begins | 1st Monday after Whit Sunday |
| Date | Easter + 50 days |
| 2023 date |
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| 2024 date |
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| 2025 date |
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| 2026 date |
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| Frequency | annual |
| Related to | Whit Sunday, Whit Tuesday, Whit Friday, Trinity Sunday |
Whit Monday gets its English name from "Whitsunday", an English name for Pentecost, one of the three baptismal seasons. The origin of the name "Whit Sunday" is generally attributed to the white garments formerly worn by those newly baptized on this feast.[1]
Observance
editPentecost is always on a Sunday and is therefore usually a non-working day. That said, the Monday after Pentecost is a public holiday in Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Anguilla, Austria, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Benin, The British Virgin Islands, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominica, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Grenada, Hungary, Iceland, Ivory Coast, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Monaco, Montserrat, The Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Saint Lucia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Solomon Islands, Switzerland, Togo and Ukraine. In many of these countries, Whit Monday is known as "the second day of Pentecost" or "the second Whitsun".
In France, it became a work day for many workers from 2005 to 2007. This was to raise extra funds following the government's lack of preparation for a summertime heat wave, which led to a shortage of proper health care for the elderly.[2] It continues to be a "worked public holiday" in France.[3] In Liechtenstein, Whit Monday is considered to be a "favorite holiday", much like Christmas in many other countries. In Germany, Whit Monday (German: Pfingstmontag [p͡fɪŋstˈmoːntaːk] ) is a Holy Day of obligation for Roman Catholics.[4] It is celebrated in South Tyrol, and for its capital city Bolzano it replaces the holiday of the local patron saint celebrated elsewhere in Italy.
Until 1973, Whit Monday was a public holiday in Ireland (also called a bank holiday). It was a bank holiday in the United Kingdom until 1967. There it was formally replaced by the fixed Spring Bank Holiday on the last Monday in May in 1971.[5] It was also a public holiday in various former British colonies, especially in the Pacific. It remains a public holiday in some of the countries of the Commonwealth Caribbean. In Sweden, Whit Monday was a public holiday until 2004; it was replaced by the National Day of Sweden in 2005.[6]
Although Whit Monday is a civil holiday in many countries, it was not a Catholic religious holiday any more than the other weekdays that follow Pentecost Sunday. Until the 1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar, they were part of the octave of Pentecost, which was added in the 7th century.[7] The Monday after Pentecost is now the first day of the resumption of Ordinary Time. While the details differ from diocese to diocese, the most widespread practice in Germany (where the holiday remains an obligation) was to have a compulsory votive Mass of the Holy Spirit outranking even solemnities (these would be local solemnities in that case).
However, in February 2018, Pope Francis declared that henceforth, Whit Monday will be the fixed date for the celebration of a new feast, officially known as the "Memorial of Mary, Mother of the Church" to be celebrated throughout the Western Catholic Church,[8] with the exception of the Ordinariates, where the octave of Whitsun Week has been restored and the new Memorial is observed on the Saturday after Ascension Day.[9]
Observance in Eastern Orthodoxy and the Eastern Catholic Churches
editIn the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches Whit Monday is known as "Monday of the Holy Spirit" or "Day of the Holy Spirit" and is the first day of the afterfeast of Pentecost, being dedicated specifically to the honor of God the Holy Spirit and particularly in commemoration of his descent upon the apostles at Pentecost. The day following is known as Third Day of the Trinity.[10] In the services on the Monday of the Holy Spirit many of the same hymns are sung as on the day of Pentecost itself. During the Divine Liturgy the Deacon intones the same introit as on the day of Pentecost, and the dismissal is the same as on the day of Pentecost. Special canons to the Holy Spirit are chanted at Compline and Matins.
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ Campion, William Magan (1870). The Prayer book interleaved with historical illustrations and explanatory notes arranged parallel to the text. Vol. 5. p. 125. Retrieved 2017-06-05.
- ^ Solidarity Day in France Retrieved 2009-04-17.
- ^ "Quels sont les jours fériés en 2014 ?". Archived from the original on 2012-05-03. Retrieved 2014-06-12.
- ^ Deutsche Bischofskonferenz, 1995-10-05, Feiertagregelung Archived 2009-03-25 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
- ^ Spring Bank Holiday in the United Kingdom. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
- ^ Sveriges riksdag – Svensk författningssamling 1989:253 – "Lag (1989:253) om allmänna helgdagar".
- ^ Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 56
- ^ "Pope institutes new celebration of Mary, Mother of Church - Vatican News". 3 March 2018.
- ^ "Ordo". Retrieved 20 May 2024.
❖ Because Pentecost has a privileged Octave in the calendar of the Ordinariate, the Memorial of The Blessed Virgin Mary, Mother of the Church, is observed on the Saturday after Ascension Day. (notation on Whit Monday in the 2024 Ordo linked here)
- ^ OCA – Feasts and Saints. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
External links
edit- Trinity Week—Day of the Holy Spirit Orthodox icon and synaxarion