Wikipedia

Mawson Formation

The Mawson Formation is a geological formation in Antarctica, dating to roughly between 182 and 177 million years ago and covering the Toarcian stages of the Jurassic Period in the Mesozoic Era.[2][3] Vertebrate remains are known from the formation.[4] The Mawson Formation is the South Victoria Land equivalent of the Karoo Large Igneous Province in South Africa (including the upper Clarens Formation desertic interbeds), as well the Lonco Trapial Formation and the Cañadón Asfalto Formation of Argentina.[1] The Volcanic material was likely sourced from the Antarctic Peninsula´s Ellsworth Land Volcanic Group.[5]

Mawson Formation
Stratigraphic range: Toarcian
~182–177 Ma
↓
South Victoria Land, including the main outcrop of the Formation, the Carapace Nunantak, that is located at the NW in the land
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofFerrar Large Igneous Province
Sub-unitsCarapace Sandstone Member[1]
UnderliesKirkpatrick Basalt (In part)
OverliesLashly Formation
Area28.5 km²
ThicknessUp to 400 m
Lithology
PrimaryVolcaniclastic mudstone
OtherVolcaniclastic gray & blue mudstone
Location
Coordinates76°54′S 159°24′E / 76.9°S 159.4°E / -76.9; 159.4
Approximate paleocoordinates60°06′S 46°30′E / 60.1°S 46.5°E / -60.1; 46.5
RegionSouth Victoria Land
Country Antarctica
ExtentUnknown
Type section
Named forMawson Peak
Named byBallance and Watters, 1971[2]
Mawson Formation is located in Antarctica
Mawson Formation
Mawson Formation (Antarctica)

Geology edit

The thin lacustrine interbeds of the Mawson Formation have received several names in literature, being known as either Carapace Sandstone or Carapace Formation, being a series of Freshwater environments developed during times when the Kirkpatrick Basalt stopped invading the zone.[6] The lava flow deposits of the Kirkpatrick Basalt belong to the Ferrar Large Igneous Province, developed in a linear belt along the Transantarctic Mountains, from the Weddell Sea region to North Victoria Land, covering approx. 3,500 km in length.[7] This event was linked with the initial stages of the breakup of the Gondwanan part of Pangea, concretely with the rifting of East Antarctica and Southern Africa, developing a magmatic flow controlled by an Early Jurassic zone of extension related to a triple junction in the proto-Weddell Sea region at approximately 55°S.[8] This eruptions phase includes the Dufek Intrusion, the Ferrar Dolerite sills and dikes, extrusive rocks consisting of pyroclastic strata, and the Kirkpatrick Basalt lava flows, with a total thickness variable, but exceeding 2 km in some places.[8] This Volcanism is not limited to the Antarctica, as it was recorded also in Tasmania and New Zealand, suggesting that these area where connected back then.[9] The Paleovulcanology analisis of the Mawson Formation have recovered Permian and Triassic material, which was eroded by lavas, with the presence of tachylite pyroclasts that imply rapid cooling by interaction with water.[10]

Paleoenvironment edit

 
 
The Mawson Formation was developed in a similar way to modern Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley of New Zealand, with Lakes Influenced by Hydrothermal vents. The Carapace Paleolake itself developed like the Lake Magadi in the Kenyan Rift Valley

The Mawson Formation was described originally subdivided in two sections, that where identified as separate units. This, is due to a clear differentiation of two kinds of deposits: the so-called "Mawson Tuffs", representing lithified pyroclastic material and the "Carapace sandstones", alluvial/lacustrine, both deposited in a setting defined by Ballance and Watters (1971) as composed by “shallow, northeast flowing, ephemeral streams on a subsiding alluvial plain”.[2] The Mawson Formation was thus, heavily influenced by vulcanism, with tuff-breccia deposits dropped in a <100 m paleotopography valley in Coombs Hills, probably reduced from previous erosion events, while at Allan Hills a paleovalley of up to 500 m was present.[11] In this paleovalleys, massive production and accumulation of volcanic lahars in lowlands occur, in a similar way to more recent ones of places such as Osceola Mudflow at Mount Rainier.[11] Over this pyroclastic sequences, lacustrine beds developed temporally. Thus, beyond alluvial settings, ancient lakes, with hydrothermal influence, where developed and latter basaltically surrounded thanks to the relationships with the overliying Kirckpatrick Basalt.[1] This deposits mark the know locally as "Mawson Time", a section of the sedimentological evolution of the Ferrar Range, where volcanic material deposited in Allan Hills and Coombs Hills, while the Carapace Sandstones hosted an alluvial plain that recovered all the volcanic detritus, being latter flooded and developing a lacustrine ecosystem.[2][1] The described lacustrine system was, like the "Chacritas Paleolake" of the sister Cañadón Asfalto Formation in Patagonia, developed following the local rift in a similar way to the modern Lake Magadi in the Kenyan Rift Valley, as proven by the discovery of Chert like the one found in this african lake, what suggest that both, Carapace and Chacritas where likely alkaline lakes that had notorious influence of hydrothermal fuids.[12] Other more recent lacustrine/fluvial sequences have been described in new outcrops, like at Suture Bench and SW Gair Mesa, with abundant invertebrate and plant fossils.[13]

The Formation includes two main locations: Carapace Nunatak in South Victoria Land, representing a deposit of interbeds dominated by sandstones of fluvial to lacustrine origin.[14] The main outcrop of this location is notorious for the presence of a 37 m Hialoclastite, volcanic material accumulated, likely on a local lake of the same depth.[14] This lake layers, called "Lake Carapace", host the only relatively complete fish remains recovered in the whole formation, and was likely feed by seasonal streams that brought the volcanic materials from sources located far away of the alluvial setting.[14] The "Lake Carapace" also shows temporal exposed paleosoils, with and without roots, as well with muds cracks, indicating seasonal droughts. This lacustrine-type deposit is also found on the second main fossiliferous outcrops of the formation, being in the Queen Alexandra Range in the Central Transantarctic Mountains.[15]

Sedimentary interbeds deposited over lava flows of the Kirkpatrick Basalt during the Early Jurassic splitting of Gondwana represent unusual freshwater paleoenvironments, with hotter conditions that allow to the diversification of the microbes (Archea).[16]

According to Barrett, "...the basalt-dominated Mawson Formation and tholeiitic flows (Kirkpatrick Basalt)...are included in the Ferrar Group." The Mawson Formation consists of diamictites, explosion breccias, and lahar flows, evidence of magma entering water-saturated sediments. The Kirkpatrick Basalts (180 Ma) have interbedded lake sediments with plant and fish fossils.[17][18]

Fossil content edit

There abundant Fossils of microorganisms, as members of the group Archea and other who take advantage of the hydrothermal activity[16][6][19] The Acuatic fauna, dominated by invertebrates, includes a diversity of species complete enough to establish Trophic chains: there are traces of feeding, including a coprolite of uncertain affinity with a fish scale, conchostracan valves with traces of possible biotic borings and palynological residues linked with Ostracodan valves.[20]

Demospongiae edit

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Demospongiae[21]

Indeterminate

  • Carapace Nunatak

All the sections

Borings in invertebrate valves

Holes of random pattern in valves. Boring Traces on local Conchostracan valves are common and suggested to resemble the boring traces of extant sponges, yet there isn't any evidence of Porifera fossils in the local beds

Crustacea edit

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Carapacestheria[22][23]

  • Carapacestheria disgregaris
  • Carapacestheria balli
  • Carapace Nunatak
  • Mackay Glacier

All the Sections

Carapaces

A Freshwater member of Diplostraca (Spinicaudatan). Related to the modern Cyzicus mexicanus and recovered in siliclastic interbeds, representing the most common fossil animal in the unit.[16][6]

Cornia[22][24]

  • Cornia sp. 1
  • Cornia sp. 2
  • Blizzard Heights

All the Sections

Carapaces

A Freshwater member of Diplostraca (Spinicaudatan). Represents the only Jurassic Records of the genus, know mostly from Permian and Triassic deposits, being a possible relict genus. Specimens recovered show different variations in coloration, what can indicate effects of hydrothermal influence on either the living animal or the dead carapace.[25]

Darwinula[26]

  • Darwinula spp.
  • Carapace Nunatak
  • Mackay Glacier

All the Sections

Valves

Common Early Jurassic Freshwater ostracod. The specimens of this genus cannot be identified to species level, yet bear resemblance with specimens from the same age of South Africa, as well as Triassic specimens from India.[16][6]

Isopodichnus[21]

  • Isopodichnus isp. type A
  • Isopodichnus isp. type B
  • Carapace Nunatak

All the sections

Braided Structures

Freshwater tubular braided Structures. Interpreted as traces of crustaceans searching for food in the lacustrine bottom

Lepidurus[27][26]

  • Lepidurus stormbergensis
  • Carapace Nunatak

All the Sections

Complete Specimens

A Freshwater member of Notostraca. Represented by specimens much bigger than forms (20 mm compared with smaller 10–12 mm breadth) from South Africa

 
Extant Specimen of the Genus

Lioestheria[28][22]

  • Lioestheria doumanii
  • Blizzard Heights
  • Brimstone Peak

All the Sections

Carapaces

A Freshwater member of Diplostraca (Spinicaudatan). Correlated with coeval East African and Indian lioestheriids

Protamphisopus[26]

  • Protamphisopus wianamattensis
  • Carapace Nunatak

All the Sections

Complete Specimens

A Freshwater member of Isopoda. Shows affinities with specimens from the Upper Triassic of New South Wales

 
Extant Phreatoicus typicus, closely related with Protamhisopus wianamatthensis

Scoyenia[13]

Scoyenia isp.

  • SW Gair Mesa

All the Sections

Burrows

Burrow fossils in lacustrine environment, probably made by arthropods

Syncarida[29]

  • Syncarida Inderminate
  • Carapace Nunatak

All the Sections

Complete Specimens

A Freshwater member of Syncarida.

 
Extant example of Syncarid

Arachnida edit

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Oribatida[30]

Indeterminate

Storm Peak

Middle Section

Excavated areas filled with coprolites

Mite traces, incertae sedis inside Oribatida. The tunnels where recovered in wood stems, fern rhizomes and petioles.

 
example of Oribatida mite

Insects edit

Fossil insect wings not described to the genus level are known from the formation.[13] The overall record of local insects include up to 50 specimens all recovered in lacustrine deposits.[31]

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Blattaria[31][13]

Indeterminate

Carapace Nunatak SW Gair Mesa

Middle Section

  • Tegmen of a fossil cockroach
  • Complete blattid insect

Indeterminate Blattaria Cockroaches

Caraphlebia[32]

Caraphlebia antartica

Carapace Nunatak

Middle Section

Wings

A dragonfly of the family Selenothemidae. Was found to be related with the genus Liassophlebia, but the hind wing has severalweak antenodals in addition to the two strong, primary ones.

Coleoptera[33]

Indeterminate

Carapace Nunatak

Middle Section

Charred fragmentary beetle elytron

A Beetle with resemblance with archostematids (Schizophoridae, Catiniidae) and some adephagian beetles (Hygrobiidae, Amphizoidae) that have such elytra

Ephemeroptera[33]

Indeterminate

Carapace Nunatak

Middle Section

Abdominal segments and paired cerci

Indeterminate Mayfly nymphs

 

Hemiptera[31]

Indeterminate

Carapace Nunatak

Middle Section

Abdominal segments and isolated wings

Indeterminate Hemipterans

Fish edit

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes

Archaeomaenidae[21][34][35]

Indeterminate

  • Storm Peak

Middle Section

  • One patch of scales
  • Coprolite

A Freshwater member of Archaeomaenidae.

Oreochima[34][35]

Oreochima ellioti

  • Storm Peak
  • Blizzard Heights
  • Carapace Nunatak

Middle Section

  • Various specimens
  • Isolated Scales

A Freshwater archaeomaenid. One of the few fishes from this family recovered outside Australia, represents a genus that likely lived linked with Hydrothermal settings and was very proliferous on the local lacustrine systems. Represents a rather small genus.[35]

Fungi edit

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Ceratocystis?[36]

Indeterminate

Carapace Nunatak

Middle Section

Hyphae

Parasitic Fungus, probably of the family Ceratocystidaceae. Infestation traces and fungal parasitic interaction on several plants. The morphology shown by this hypae and the colonization pattern in the woods resemble that of the extant Verticicladiella wageneri.[36]

Fungi[37]

Indeterminate

Carapace Nunatak

Middle Section

Hyphae

Parasitic Fungus of uncertain relationships. Infestation traces of thick-walled hypae where recovered on Brachyphyllum-type foliage locally

Fungi Traces?[21]

Indeterminate

  • Storm Peak

Middle Section

  • Galleries? in Valves

Galleries of an infesting organism in conchostracan valves

Palynology edit

Mostly of the samples recovered at Carapace Nunantak are characterised by dominance of the Cheirolepidaceous Classopollis and Corollina. Two taxa, the Araucariaceous Callialasporites dampieri and the Pteridaceae Contignisporites cooksoni are also common palynological residues in local samples.[38]

Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Sculptisporis[39]

  • Sculptisporis moretonensis
  • Carapace Nunatak

Spores

Affinities with the family Sphagnaceae. "Peat moss" spores, related to genera such as Sphagnum that can store large amounts of water.

 
Extant Sphagnum specimens; Sculptisporis probably come from similar genera

Retitriletes[39]

  • Retitriletes austroclavatidites
  • Carapace Nunatak

Spores

Affinities with the Lycopodiaceae.

Neoraistrickia[39]

  • Neoraistrickia spp.
  • Carapace Nunatak

Spores

Affinities with the Selaginellaceae. Herbaceous lycophyte flora, similar to ferns, found in humid settings.

 
Extant Selaginella, typical example of Selaginellaceae. Genera like Neoraistrickia probably come from a similar or a related Plant

Aratrisporites[39]

  • Aratrisporites sp.
  • Carapace Nunatak

Spores

Affinities with Pleuromeiales. The Plueromeiales were tall lycophytes (2 to 6 m) common in the Triassic. These spores probably reflect a relict genus.

Ischyosporites[40][39]

  • Ischyosporites crateris
  • Carapace Nunatak
  • Storm Peak
  • Coalsack Bluff

Spores

Uncertain peridophyte affinities

Puntactosporites[39]

  • Puntactosporites scabratus
  • Carapace Nunatak

Spores

Uncertain peridophyte affinities

Verrucosisporites[39]

  • Verrucosisporites varians
  • Carapace Nunatak

Spores

Uncertain peridophyte affinities

Contignisporites[38][39]

  • Contignisporites cooksoni
  • Carapace Nunatak
  • Storm Peak
  • Coalsack Bluff

Spores

Affinities with the Pteridaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Forest ferns from humid ground locations.

 
Extant Pityrogramma specimens; Contignisporites probably come from similar genera or maybe a species in the genus

Striatella[39]

  • Striatella seebergensis
  • Carapace Nunatak

Spores

Todisporites[40][39]

  • Todisporites minor
  • Carapace Nunatak

Spores

Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Near fluvial current ferns, related to the modern Osmunda regalis.

 
Extant Osmunda specimens; Todisporites probably come from similar genera or maybe a species from the genus

Osmundacidites[40]

  • Osmundacidites senectus
  • Osmundacidites wellmanii
  • Carapace Nunatak
  • Storm Peak
  • Coalsack Bluff

Spores

Baculatisporites[40]

  • Baculatisporites comaumensis
  • Carapace Nunatak

Spores

Dictyophyllitides[39]

  • Dictyophyllitides harrisi
  • Carapace Nunatak

Spores

Affinities with the family Schizaeaceae, Dicksoniaceae or Matoniaceae.

Cibotiumspora[39]

  • Cibotiumspora jurienensis
  • Carapace Nunatak

Spores

Affinities with Cyatheaceae and Dicksoniaceae inside Filicopsida.

Cyathidites[40]

  • Cyathidites australis
  • Cyathidites minor
  • Carapace Nunatak

Spores

Affinities with the family Cyatheaceae or Adiantaceae. Arboreal fern spores.

 
Extant Cyathea; Cyathidites probably come from similar genera

Trilobosporites[39]

  • Trilobosporites antiquus
  • Carapace Nunatak
  • Storm Peak
  • Coalsack Bluff

Spores

Affinities with the genus Dicksoniaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Tree fern spores.

 
Extant Lophosoria specimens; Trilobosporites probably come from similar genera

Alisporites[40][39]

  • Alisporites similis
  • Alisporites spp.
  • Carapace Nunatak
  • Storm Peak
  • Coalsack Bluff

Pollen

Affinities with the families Caytoniaceae, Corystospermaceae, Peltaspermaceae, Umkomasiaceae and Voltziaceae

Vitreisporites[39]

  • Vitreisporites signatus
  • Carapace Nunatak

Pollen

Affinities with the Caytoniaceae

Ginkgocycadophytus[40]

  • Ginkgocycadophytus nitidus
  • Carapace Nunatak

Pollen

Affinities with the family Karkeniaceae and Ginkgoaceae.

 
Extant Ginkgo, the only surviving member of the Ginkgoaceae. Monosulcites pollen is similar to the pollen of this extant species.

Pinuspollenites[39]

  • Pinuspollenites globosaccus
  • Carapace Nunatak
  • Storm Peak
  • Coalsack Bluff

Pollen

Affinities with the family Pinaceae in the Pinopsida. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants.

 
Extant Picea. Pinuspollenites maybe come from a related plant

Protohaploxypinus[39]

  • Protohaploxypinus sp.
  • Carapace Nunatak
  • Storm Peak
  • Coalsack Bluff

Pollen

Podosporites[39]

  • Podosporites variabilis
  • Carapace Nunatak

Pollen

Affinities with the family Podocarpaceae. Occasional bryophyte and lycophyte spores are found along with consistent occurrences of Podosporites variabilis

 
Extant Podocarpus. Podosporites maybe come from a related plant

Araucariacites[40][39]

  • Araucariacites australis
  • Carapace Nunatak
  • Storm Peak
  • Coalsack Bluff

Pollen

Affinities with the family Araucariaceae in the Pinales. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants.

 
Extant Araucaria. Callialasporites may come from a related plant

Callialasporites[39]

  • Callialasporites dampieri
  • Callialasporites segmentatus
  • Callialasporites turbatus
  • Carapace Nunatak
  • Storm Peak
  • Coalsack Bluff

Pollen

Classopollis[38][40][39]

  • Classopollis classoides
  • Carapace Nunatak
  • Storm Peak
  • Coalsack Bluff

Pollen

Affinities with the family Cheirolepidiaceae. The Dominant Palynological residue, specially on Carapace Nunantak samples

Corollina[38][39]

  • Corollina spp.
  • Carapace Nunatak
  • Storm Peak
  • Coalsack Bluff

Pollen

Affinities with the family Cheirolepidiaceae. The second dominant palynological residue, specially on Carapace Nunantak samples

Inaperturopollenites[40]

  • Inaperturopollenites limbatus
  • Carapace Nunatak

Pollen

A Pollen Grain, affinities with Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae inside Coniferophyta. Its abundance can indicate the presence of a Taxodium Swamp-like habitat

 
Extant Austrocedrus. Cupressacites and Inaperturopollenites maybe come from a related plant

Exesipollenites[39]

  • Exesipollenites spp.
  • Carapace Nunatak
  • Storm Peak
  • Coalsack Bluff

Pollen

Affinities with the family Cupressaceae.

Cupressacites[40][39]

  • Cupressacites ramachandrae
  • Carapace Nunatak
  • Storm Peak
  • Coalsack Bluff

Pollen

Affinities with the family Cupressaceae.

Megaflora edit

One of the best preserved fossil flora of the Antarctic. Nearly all the floral remains where recovered from Siliclastic interbeds, being mostly of them Silidified.[41] A large assamblage of fossil trunks, with diameters between 8-23 cm and possible arthropod tunnels, are know from Suture Bench.[13]

Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Agathoxylon[42][43]

Agathoxylon sp.

Carapace Nunantak

Fossil Wood

Affinities with Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales.

Brachyoxylon[42][43]

Brachyoxylon sp.

Carapace Nunantak

Fossil Wood

Affinities with Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales.

Brachyphyllum[44][45][12]

Indeterminate

Carapace Nunatak

Several isolated Branched Shoots

A member of the family Cheirolepidiaceae. Associated with Classostrobus cones.[12]

Chimaerostrobus[46]

Chimaerostrobus minutus

Carapace Nunatak

Single Pollen Cone

A conifer pollen cone of uncertain Relationships. Chimaerostrobus is reminiscent of extant Araucariaceae and several extinct taxa such as Kobalostrobus and Voltziales.[46]

Cladophlebis[31][47]

Cladophlebis oblonga

Carapace Nunantak

Isolated Pinnae

A Fern of the family Osmundaceae. Some specimens where reworked from the Hanson Formation to the Mawson Formation. Linked with the tree fern genus Osmundacaulis

Classostrobus[12]

Classostrobus elliotii

Carapace Nunatak

Five permineralized pollen cones

A member of the Cheirolepidiaceae. More than five Brachyphyllum-type leaves where found in close association with these cones.[12]

Coniopteris[31]

Coniopteris hymenophylloides

Carapace Nunantak

Isolated Pinnae

A Fern of the family Polypodiales inside Polypodiidae. Common cosmopolitan Mesozoic fern genus. Recent research has reinterpreted it a stem group of the Polypodiales (Closely related with the extant genera Dennstaedtia, Lindsaea, and Odontosoria).[48]

 
Coniopteris specimen

Dictyozamites[31]

Dictyozamites sp. cf. minisculus

Carapace Nunatak

Leaflets

A cycadophyte of the family Bennettitales.

Elatocladus[47]

Elatocladus confertus

Carapace Nunatak

Branched Shoots

A member of the family Cupressaceae. Related to specimens found in the Middle Jurassic of Hope Bay, Graham Land. Probably represent belong to the Conifer Austrohamia from the Lower Jurassic of Argentina and China.

Marchantites[47]

Marchantites mawsonii

Carapace Nunantak

Isolated Thalli

A liverwort of the family Marchantiales. Some specimens where reworked from the Hanson Formation to the Mawson Formation. This liverwort is related to modern humid-environment genera.

 
Example of extant relative of Marchantites, Marchantia

Nothodacrium[49][50]

Nothodacrium warreni

Carapace Nunatak

Storm Peak

Cutinised and fertile material

A member of the family Voltziales. A genus with Resemblance with the extant Dacrydium that was referred to Podocarpaceae, yet a more recent work found it to be just a convergently evolved relative of Telemachus.[49]

Otozamites[44][45]

Otozamites antarcticus

Carapace Nunatak

Leaflets

A cycadophyte of the family Bennettitales.

 
Example of Otozamites specimen

Pagiophyllum[44][45]

Indeterminate

Carapace Nunantak

Single Branched Shoot

A member of the Pinales of the family Araucariaceae. Representative of the presence of arboreal to arbustive flora.

 
Example of Pagiophyllum specimen

Podostrobus[49][50]

Podostrobus warrenii

Carapace Nunatak

Single cone

A member of the family Voltziales. Originally assigned to the Cheirolepidiaceae, was later suggested to share affinities with the Podocarpaceae, and then found to be a member of Voltziales. Likely represents the cone of the same conifer that produced the Nothodacrium foliage, as convergently resembles cones from extant Microcachrys and Dacrydium .[49]

Protocupressinoxylon[51]

Protocupressinoxylon sp.

Coombs Hills

Storm Peak

Fossil Wood

A member of the family Cupressaceae.

Polyphacelus[52][53]

Polyphacelus stormensis

Storm Peak

Silicified rachides[52]

A Polypodiopsidan of the family Dipteridaceae. Closely related to Clathropteris meniscoides.

Zamites[44][45]

Indeterminate

Carapace Nunatak

Leaflets

Spermatophyta incertae sedis[16][6]

 
Example of Zamites specimen

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Ross, P. S.; White, J. D.; McClintock, M. (2008). "Geological evolution of the Coombs–Allan Hills area, Ferrar large igneous province, Antarctica: Debris avalanches, mafic pyroclastic density currents, phreatocauldrons". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 172 (2): 38–60. Bibcode:2008JVGR..172...38R. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.11.011. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d Ballance, P.F.; Watters, W.A. (1971). "The Mawson Diamictite and the Carapace Sandstone, formations of the Ferrar Group at Allan Hills and Carapace Nunatak, Victoria Land, Antarctica". N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys. 14 (3): 512–527. doi:10.1080/00288306.1971.10421945.
  3. ^ Burgess, S.D.; Bowring, S.A.; Fleming, T.H.; Elliot, D.H. (2015). "High-precision geochronology links the Ferrar large igneous province with early Jurassic ocean anoxia and biotic crisis". Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 415 (1): 90–99. Bibcode:2015E&PSL.415...90B. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.01.037. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  4. ^ Elliot, D.H. (2013). "The geological and tectonic evolution of the Transantarctic Mountains: a review". Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 381 (2): 7–35. Bibcode:2013GSLSP.381....7E. doi:10.1144/SP381.14. S2CID 129400231. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  5. ^ Schöner, R.; Viereck-Goette, L.; Schneider, J.; Bomfleur, B. (2007). "Triassic-Jurassic sediments and multiple volcanic events in North Victoria Land, Antarctica: A revised stratigraphic model". Open-File Report. doi:10.3133/ofr20071047srp102. ISSN 2331-1258.
  6. ^ a b c d e Stigall, A. L.; Babcock, L. E.; Briggs, D. E. G.; Leslie, S. A. (2008). "Taphonomy of Lacustrine Interbeds in the Kirkpatrick Basalt (Jurassic), Antarctica". PALAIOS. 23 (6): 344–355. Bibcode:2008Palai..23..344S. doi:10.2110/palo.2007.p07-029r. JSTOR 27670515. S2CID 128700143. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  7. ^ Fleming, T.H.; Elliot, D.H.; Foland, K.A.; Heimann, A. (1997). "40Ar/39Ar geo chronology of Ferrar Dolerite sills from the Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica: Implications for the age and origin of the Ferrar magmatic province". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 109 (2): 533–546. Bibcode:1997GSAB..109..533F. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0533:AAGOFD>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  8. ^ a b Elliot, D.H.; Fleming, TH (2004). "Occurrence and dispersal of magmas in the Jurassic Ferrar Large Igneous Province, Antarctica". Gondwana Research. 7 (8): 223–237. Bibcode:2004GondR...7..223E. doi:10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70322-1. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  9. ^ Mortimer, N.; Adams, C.J.; Graham, I.J.; Oliver, P.J.; Palmer, K.; Parkinson, D.; Raine, J.I. (1995). "Ferrar magmatic province rocks discovered in New Zealand: Implications for Mesozoic Gondwana geology". Geology. 23 (1): 185–188. Bibcode:1995Geo....23..185M. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0185:FMPRDI>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  10. ^ Evans, E. E. (1999). Mid Jurassic pyroclastics of the Mawson Formation in the Prince Albert Mountains: products of phreatomagmatism (PDF) (Doctoral dissertation). The Ohio State University. pp. 1–55. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  11. ^ a b Elliot, DH; Hanson, RE (2001). "Origin of widespread, exceptionally thick basaltic phreatomagmatic tuff breccia in the Middle Jurassic Prebble and Mawson formations, Antarctica". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 111 (1): 183–201. doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00226-8. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  12. ^ a b c d e Hieger, T. J.; Serbet, R.; Harper, C. J.; Taylor, E. L.; Taylor, T. N.; Gulbranson, E. L. (2015). "Cheirolepidiaceous diversity: An anatomically preserved pollen cone from the Lower Jurassic of southern Victoria Land, Antarctica". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 220 (3): 78–87. Bibcode:2015RPaPa.220...78H. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.05.003. hdl:2262/96280.
  13. ^ a b c d e Bomfleur, B.; Schneider, J. W.; Schöner, R.; Viereck-Götte, L.; Kerp, H. (2011). "Fossil sites in the continental Victoria and Ferrar groups (Triassic-Jurassic) of north Victoria Land, Antarctica". Polarforschung. 80 (2): 88–99. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  14. ^ a b c Bradshaw, M.A. (1987). "Additional field interpretation of the Jurassic sequence at Carapace Nunatak and Coombs Hills, south Victoria Land Antarctica". N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys. 30 (1): 37–49. doi:10.1080/00288306.1987.10422192.
  15. ^ Tasch, P.; Gafford, E.L. (1984). "Central Transantarctic Mountains nonmarine deposits". Antarctic Research Series. 36 (6): 75–96. doi:10.1029/AR036p0075. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  16. ^ a b c d e Babcock, LE; Leslie, SA; Elliot, DH; Stigall, AL (2006). "The "Preservation Paradox": microbes as a key to exceptional fossil preservation in the Kirkpatrick Basalt (Jurassic), Antarctica" (PDF). The Sedimentary Record. 4 (2): 4–8. doi:10.2110/sedred.2006.4.4. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  17. ^ Barrett, P.J. (1991). Tingey, Robert (ed.). The Devonian to Jurassic Beacon Supergroup of the Transantarctic Mountains and correlatives in other parts of Antarctica, in The Geology of Antarctica. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 122–123, 129, 145. ISBN 0198544677.
  18. ^ Tingey, R.J. (1991). Tingey, Robert (ed.). Mesozoic tholeiitic igneous rocks in Antarctica: the Ferrar (Super) Group and related rocks, in The Geology of Antarctica. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 159–160. ISBN 0198544677.
  19. ^ Norris, G. (1965). "Triassic and Jurassic miospores and acritarchs from the Beacon and Ferrar groups, Victoria Land, Antarctica". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 8 (2): 236–277. doi:10.1080/00288306.1965.10428110.
  20. ^ Tasch, P. (1974). "Food chain relationship in ancient freshwater ecosystems of Antarctica". Antarctic Journal of the United States. 9 (5): 238–239.
  21. ^ a b c d Tasch, P. (1976). "Jurassic Nonmarine Trace Fossils (Transantarctic Mountains) and the Food Web". Journal of Paleontology. 50 (4): 754–758. JSTOR 1303667. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  22. ^ a b c Tasch, P. (1968). "Quantitative paleolimnology and fossil conchostrancans". Antarctic Journal of the United States. 3 (5): 179–180.
  23. ^ Yanbin, S. (1994). "Jurassic conchostracans from Carapace Nunatak, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica" (PDF). Antarctic Science. 6 (1): 105–113. Bibcode:1994AntSc...6..105Y. doi:10.1017/S0954102094000131. S2CID 128817059. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  24. ^ Tassi, L. V.; Monti, M.; Gallego, O. F.; Zavattieri, A. M.; Lara, M. B. (2013). "The first spinicaudatan (Crustacea: Diplostraca) from Permo-Triassic continental sequences of South America and its palaeoecological context". An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 37 (2): 189–201. doi:10.1080/03115518.2013.736793. hdl:11336/24672. S2CID 129591979.
  25. ^ Tasch, P. (1982). "Experimental valve geothermometry applied to fossil conchostracan valves, Blizzard Heights, Antarctica". Antarctic Geoscience. 4 (1): 661–668. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  26. ^ a b c Bail, H.W.; Borns, H.W.; Hau, B.A.; Brooks, H.K.; Carpekier, E.M.; Dblbvoryas, T. (1979). "Biota, age, and significance of lake deposits. Carapace Nunatak, Victoria Land, Antarctica". Fourth International Gondwana Symposium Calcutta, India. 3 (1): 166–175. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  27. ^ Haughton, S.H. (1924). "The fauna and stratigraphy of the Stormberg Series". Annals of the South African Museum. 12 (2): 323–495. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  28. ^ Elliot, David H.; Tasch, Paul (1967). "Lioestheriid Conchostracans: A New Jurassic Locality and Regional and Gondwana Correlations". Journal of Paleontology. 41 (6): 1561–1563. JSTOR 1302204. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  29. ^ Borns, H.W.; Ball, H.W (1972). "Mawson tillite, Victoria Land, east Antarctica: reinvestigation continued" (PDF). Journal of Glaciology. 4 (32): 173–195. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  30. ^ Kellogg, D. W.; Taylor, E. L. (2004). "Evidence of oribatid mite detritivory in Antarctica during the late Paleozoic and Mesozoic". Journal of Paleontology. 78 (6): 1146–1153. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<1146:EOOMDI>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  31. ^ a b c d e f Faure, G.; Mensing, T. M. (2010). "The Ferrar Group: Kirkpatrick Basalt". The Transantarctic Mountains. 3 (1): 373–414. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9390-5_12. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  32. ^ Carpenter, F. M. (1969). "Fossil insects from Antarctica". Harvard University. 76 (3): 418–425. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  33. ^ a b Tasch, P. (1973). "Jurassic beetle from southern Victoria Land, Antarctica". Journal of Paleontology. 47 (2): 590–592. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  34. ^ a b Schaeffer, B. (1971). "Jurassic fishes from Antarctica". Antarctic Journal of the United States. 6 (5): 190–191.
  35. ^ a b c Schaeffer, Bobb (1972). "A Jurassic Fish from Antarctica" (PDF). American Museum of Natural History. 2495 (2): 1–17. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  36. ^ a b Harper, C. J.; Bomfleur, B.; Decombeix, A. L.; Taylor, E. L.; Taylor, T. N.; Krings, M. (2012). "Tylosis formation and fungal interactions in an Early Jurassic conifer from northern Victoria Land, Antarctica". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 175 (4): 25–31. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2012.02.006. hdl:2262/96266. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  37. ^ Harper, C. J.; Taylor, T. N.; Krings, M.; Taylor, E. L. (2016). "Structurally preserved fungi from Antarctica: diversity and interactions in late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic polar forest ecosystems" (PDF). Antarctic Science. 28 (3): 153–173. Bibcode:2016AntSc..28..153H. doi:10.1017/S0954102016000018. hdl:2262/96278. S2CID 54753268.
  38. ^ a b c d Shang, Y. K. (1997). "Middle Jurassic palynology of Carapace Nunatak, Victoria Land, Antarctica". Acta Palaeontologica Sinica. 36 (2): 179–200.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Ribecai, C. (2007). "Early jurassic miospores from ferrar group of carapace nunatak, south victoria Land, Antarctica". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 144 (2): 3–12. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2005.09.005. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sulkoske, W.C. (1973). "Jurassic microflora from Carapace Nunatak, Antarctica". University of Arizona, Department of Geosciences, Unpublished Report, Palynology Laboratory. 13 (2): 1–20. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  41. ^ Bomfleur, B.; Schneider, J.; Schöner, R.; Viereck-Götte, L.; Kerp, H.; Cooper, A. K.; Raymond, C. R. (2007). "Exceptionally well-preserved Triassic and Early Jurassic floras from North Victoria Land, Antarctica". Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. 34 (1): 1–4. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  42. ^ a b Toumoulin, Agathe; Decombeix, Anne-Laure; J. Harper, Carla; Taylor, Edith; Serbet, Rudolph (2016). "Early Jurassic permineralised woods from Carapace Nunatak, South Victoria Land, Antarctica: affinities and paleoenvironmental implications". Palynological Congress and X International Organisation of Paleobotany Conference. 15 (1): 229. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  43. ^ a b Toumoulin, Agathe; Decombeix, Anne-Laure; Harper, Carla J.; Serbet, Rudolph (2023-05-19). "Early Jurassic silicified woods from Carapace Nunatak, South Victoria Land, Antarctica". Fossil Record. 26 (1): 103–115. doi:10.3897/fr.26.102570. ISSN 2193-0074.
  44. ^ a b c d Plumstead, E. P. (1955). "Fossil Floras of Antarctica, with an appendix on Antarctic fossil wood by Richard Krüusel". Trans–Antarctic Expedition. 9 (1): 1–154.
  45. ^ a b c d Townrow, J. A. (1967). "Fossil plants from Allan and Carapace Nunataks, and from the Upper Mill and Shackleton Glaciers, Antarctica". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 10 (2): 456–473. doi:10.1080/00288306.1967.10426750. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  46. ^ a b Atkinson, B. A.; Serbet, R.; Hieger, T. J.; Taylor, E. L. (2018). "Additional evidence for the Mesozoic diversification of conifers: Pollen cone of Chimaerostrobus minutus gen. et sp. nov.(Coniferales), from the Lower Jurassic of Antarctica". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 257 (3): 77–84. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2018.06.013. S2CID 133732087.
  47. ^ a b c Plumstead, E.P (1964). "Palaeobotany of Antarctica". Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Antarctic Geology, Cape Town. Amsterdam, North Holland. 1 (2): 637–654.
  48. ^ Li, Chunxiang; Miao, Xinyuan; Zhang, Li-Bing; Ma, Junye; Hao, Jiasheng (January 2020). "Re-evaluation of the systematic position of the Jurassic–Early Cretaceous fern genus Coniopteris". Cretaceous Research. 105: 104136. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.04.007. S2CID 146355798.
  49. ^ a b c d Townrow, J. A. (1967). "Conifer from the Jurassic of east Antarctica" (PDF). Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania. 101 (2): 137–149. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  50. ^ a b Andruchow-Colombo, Ana; Escapa, Ignacio H; Aagesen, Lone; Matsunaga, Kelly K S (2023). "In search of lost time: tracing the fossil diversity of Podocarpaceae through the ages". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 27 (1). doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boad027. hdl:11336/227952. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  51. ^ Garland, M. J.; Bannister, J. M.; Lee, D. E.; White, J. D. L. (2007). "A coniferous tree stump of late Early Jurassic age from the Ferrar Basalt, Coombs Hills, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 50 (3): 263–269. doi:10.1080/00288300709509836. S2CID 129506884.
  52. ^ a b Yao, X.; Taylor, T. N.; Taylor, E. L. (1991). "Silicified dipterid ferns from the Jurassic of Antarctica". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 67 (3–4): 353–362. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(91)90050-D. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  53. ^ Bomfleur, B.; Kerp, H. (2010). "The first record of the dipterid fern leaf Clathropteris Brongniart from Antarctica and its relation to Polyphacelus stormensis Yao, Taylor et Taylor nov. emend". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 160 (3–4): 143–153. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2010.02.003. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mawson_Formation&oldid=1213527096"