Mary Lum Girard (1758–1815) is known for being the wife of banker, philanthropist and merchant millionaire Stephen Girard. She is best known for having been imprisoned in the Pennsylvania Hospital's insanity ward for 25 years.
Life
editThe exact details of Lum's early life remain unknown, with various authors describing it differently.[1] Lum met Stephen Girard in early 1777 and the two entered a quick courtship, marrying on June 6, 1777.[1][2]: 652 Girard, one of the wealthiest men in Colonial America, was 26 and Lum was 18 years old.[1][2]: 652 At the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, the couple moved from Philadelphia to Mount Holly, New Jersey, from where they sold supplies to the Continental Army.[2]: 653
Sometime in the 1780s, Lum began suffering from mental illness, with Girard variously describing her ailment in letters as being "sickness" and "discontent."[2]: 648 Girard became increasingly irritated at Lum's condition, describing it in 1785 as having placed limits on his business success.[2]: 650 That same year, Girard became much more involved in his wife's treatment, sending her to stay with family in Lancaster for a period of time and trying other informal medicines.[2]: 658 Girard attempted to send Lum away again in 1796, this time to his brother Jean, but Jean refused to accommodate her.[2]: 659 Despite some improvement in her condition, Lum began a series of violent outbursts that led to a short commitment in Pennsylvania Hospital.[2]: 659
Upon her release, her condition continued to deteriorate and was likely exacerbated by Girard's failure to give her attention. In 1788 he became romantically involved with their housekeeper and forced her to live entirely separately from him.[2]: 665 Living independently from Girard gave Lum more freedom but did not improve her condition and, after various other attempts at treatment failed, Lum was involuntarily committed to Pennsylvania Hospital in 1790.[2]: 667 She stayed in the hospital for the next twenty-five years, the rest of her life.[3][4]
In 1791, Lum gave birth to a daughter while in the hospital.[2]: 667 Girard claimed no relationship with the child and the hospital refused to allow her to stay with Lum, instead moving her to a nurse's care.[2]: 667 The girl died later that year.[2]: 667 Historian Brenna Holland speculated in a 2019 paper that Girard may have wanted nothing to do with a child and may have had Lum committed as a way of escaping responsibility, however, there is no clear evidence as to the child's father.[2]: 667–668 Benjamin Rush, one of Lum's physicians, wrote that the birth of her daughter initially improved her condition and that after the child's death Lum continued to mentally deteriorate.[2]: 668 Lum died at the hospital in 1815 and was buried in an unmarked grave.[1][3]
Legacy
editLum's life inspired Lanie Robertson to write the play "The Insanity of Mary Girard."[1] The play is one act and has been staged multiple times around the United States.[5][6] In 1992, a Philadelphia-area retiree named Joseph Vendetti began researching Lum's life.[1] He successfully advocated for the Girard College alumnia association to purchase a tombstone for her and pushed Pennsylvania Hospital to place the tombstone on their grounds as a monument to Lum.[1] The hospital rejected Vendetti's proposal multiple times, citing "the family's wishes" as their reasoning.[7]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g "The insane asylum beauty". Philadelphia Daily News. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 1992-09-09. p. 8. Retrieved 2024-10-14 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Holland, Brenna (Winter 2019). "Mad Speculation and Mary Girard". Journal of the Early Republic. 39 (4). JSTOR 26905502 – via JSTOR.
- ^ a b "Stephen Girard". The Aldine. 3 (1): 6. January 1870. JSTOR 43243581 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Brownson, Kenneth C. (June 2007). "The Formation of the American Hospital Before the Twentieth Century". AMT Events. 24 (2): 111. EBSCOhost 106143469.
- ^ Arkatov, Janice (1992-03-15). "'Insanity of Mary Girard' Examines Injustices and Twisted Mind-Set". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2024-10-14.
- ^ Wonk, Dalt (2013-01-22). "Review: The Insanity of Mary Girard". The Advocate. Retrieved 2024-10-14.
- ^ "Here lies a tombstone controversy". Philadelphia Daily News. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 1994-05-21. p. 6. Retrieved 2024-10-14 – via Newspapers.com.