Marisa Diena was a French-Jewish resistance fighter active in World War II. She was born on September 29, 1916, in Turin, Italy.[1] She was a member of the Garibaldi Brigades, a communist partisan resistance group operating in the Torre Pellice mountains.[1] Described as "small and pretty, with curly reddish hair" by fellow partisan Silvia Pons,[2] Marisa was a vital member of Italian resistance efforts. She passed away on May 8, 2013.
.jpg)
Early life edit
Marisa Diena was born to Jewish parents Giorgina and Mario Diena in 1916, in the midst of post-WWI turmoil. They were a middle class family, her father being a printer with a local factory in Turin, though financial irregularity caused him to spend some time in prison.[2] She had two younger brothers, Giorgio and Franco. During her early childhood in Italy, fascism was on the rise, spearheaded by Benito Mussolini.
Fascism in Italy edit
On March 23, 1919, when Marisa was three, Benito Mussolini officially launched his fascist movement, officially known as the Italian Combat Fascists. In 1921, the movement gained a seat in congress and was officially recognized as the National Fascist Party. Shortly after, in October 1922, the Fascist party marched on Rome and seized control of the Italian government, declaring Mussolini the new Prime Minister. Marisa was eight at the time. By 1928, all opposing political parties were abolished and democratic pretenses were discarded, cementing Mussolini as the effective dictator of Italy.[3] As a child growing up in a fascist-run state, Marisa was encouraged to embrace fascism.[1] However, sometime after June 1940, when Mussolini declared war on France and England,[4] Marisa and her family moved to Rome. They moved back in 1943 after Mussolini fell from power.[5] On September 8, 1943, Italy joined forces with Germany and was relabeled as the Italian Social Republic, conceding to Nazi control.[6]
Partisan fighting edit
Following the German invasion of 1943, the standing underground opposition to fascism emerged as direct, open, and armed resistance. A few days after Nazi occupation of Turin, Italy, Marisa left to join resistance fighting in the mountains of Torre Pellice.[1] She joined the 4th Garibaldi Brigades, a communist partisan resistance group, headed by Pompeo Colajanni.[5] Opposed to the growing Fascist power, the Garibaldi unit was responsible for establishing local committees in the nearby Torre Pollice region in order to further organize strikes and distribute rations.[1] They were the largest umbrella organization of communist partisan groups from 1943 to 1945. Her brothers Franco and Giorgio Diena were also a part of the resistance fighting.[2]
As a woman who passed as Aryan, Marisa was able to use the inherent prejudice against women in her favor, traveling unnoticed and unscrutinized by Nazi forces. During this time she went by the name of Mara, her nom de guerre for her partisan actions, acquiring false identification papers for her activities. Due to her ability to move around in broad daylight, Marisa initially acted as a courier and message deliverer, riding her bicycle from home to home to spread news and intel. The information she collected was then relayed back to the brigade commander. She also took on the role of a trainer, instructing other local women and teaching them to be part of the resistance fighting. Marisa was promoted to the Vice-Commander of Information services for her brigade in 1944.[1][5] That same year, on September 26, 1944, Marisa's 19-year-old brother Franco was gunned down in the mountains during a skirmish with fascist soldiers.[7][8]
With over 300,000 partisan fighters in Northern Italy, a national liberation committee was created in the early months of 1945. Collectively they pushed forward to liberate Italy from fascist control, Marisa's brigade liberating Turin on April 25, 1945.[9]
Later life edit
Marisa continued to remain active in her country's politics after the end of World War Two, remaining involved with the Italian Communist Party. In 1949, she joined the PCI national female school as a teacher, returning to Turin in 1953 and becoming the female leader of the communist Piedmontese regional committee. She ceased her official commitment to the party in 1957 and became a middle school teacher in 1958. She published an autobiography of her life in 1970, and continued to involve herself in the National Association of Italian Partisans throughout the remainder of her life.[5] She died on May 8, 2013, in her home country of Italy.[9]
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f "Marisa Diena". encyclopedia.ushmm.org. Retrieved March 3, 2024.
- ^ a b c Moorehead, Caroline (2019). A House in the Mountains: The Women Who Liberated Italy from Fascism. Penguin Random House. ISBN 9780062686374.
- ^ "The Rise of Benito Mussolini". May 9, 2008. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
- ^ "Mussolini: Speech of the 10 June 1940, Declaration of War on France and England « Historical Resources About The Second World War". Retrieved April 9, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Gasco, Anna (January 7, 2016). "Biblioteca Nazionale Di Napoli". Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ "Italy - Republic, Salo, Occupation | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
- ^ Diena, Marisa. Interview 41822. Interview by Eleonora Bisotti. Visual History Archive, USC Shoah Foundation, April 30, 1998. Accessed March 4, 2024.
- ^ "Testimony". vha.usc.edu.
- ^ a b Admin, Content (April 19, 2017). "Marisa Diena". Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
Bibliography edit
- United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. "Marisa Diena." Holocaust Encyclopedia. Accessed on 2/26/24.
- Penn, Shana. "Jewish Women Partisans." Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women. June 23, 2021. Jewish Women's Archive. (Viewed on February 26, 2024).
- Moorehead, Caroline. A House in the Mountains: The Woman who Liberated Italy from Fascism, Penguin Books, 2019.
- Diena, Marisa. Interview 41822. Interview by Eleonora Bisotti. Visual History Archive, USC Shoah Foundation, April 30, 1998. Accessed March 4, 2024.