The Makran Trench is the physiographic expression of a subduction zone along the northeastern margin of the Gulf of Oman adjacent to the southwestern coast of Balochistan of Pakistan and the southeastern coast of Iran. In this region the oceanic crust of the Arabian Plate is being subducted beneath the continental crust of the Eurasian Plate.
Tectonics
editIn the Makran region, the Arabian Plate subducts beneath the Eurasian Plate at ~2-4 cm/yr. This subduction is associated with an accretionary wedge of sediments which has developed since the Cenozoic.[1] To the west, the Makran Trench is connected by the Minab Fault system to the Zagros fold and thrust belt.[2] To the east, the Makran Trench is bounded by the transpressional strike-slip Ornach-Nal and Chaman Faults, which connect to the Himalayan orogeny. The Makran Subduction Zone is often split into two segments: the east and west. The Sonne fault divides the two. [3] Though largely much quieter than many other subduction zones, studies reveal that the Makran Trench may be capable of very large earthquakes, even extending into the magnitude 9 range. [4]
Fluids, gas and mud volcanoes
editThe Makran accretionary complex is characterized by a number of features associated with escaping water and methane. Mud volcanoes are found onshore in both Iran and Pakistan, and cold seeps exist offshore. The formation of an island (Zalzala Jazeera) after the 2013 Balochistan earthquakes is thought to be the result of a mud volcano.[5] An island (Malan island) formed as a mud volcano subsided under water due to gas release and mud extrusion. Heavy rain from monsoon season built pressure to the aquifer, enhancing the release of gas.[6]
Earthquakes
edit- 1945 Balochistan earthquake: A magnitude 8.1 event occurred on 28 November, causing a tsunami on the Makran coast.
- 5 August 1947: Mw 6.8 event just off the coast of western Pakistan
- 7 December 1989: Mw 6.0 event near the coast of southern Iran
- 7 February 2017: Mw 6.3 event just off the coast of western Pakistan
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ Kopp, C.; Fruehn, E.; Flueh, E.; Reichert, C.; Kukowski, N; Bialas, J.; Klaeschen, D. (2000). "Structure of the Makran subduction zone from wide-angle and reflection seismic data". Tectonophysics. 329 (1–4): 171–191. Bibcode:2000Tectp.329..171K. doi:10.1016/s0040-1951(00)00195-5.
- ^ Regard, V.; Hatzfeld, D.; Molinaro, M.; Aubourg, C.; Bayer, R.; Bellier, O.; Yamini-Fard, F.; Peyret, M.; Abbassi, M. (2010). "The transition between Makran subduction and the Zagros collision: recent advances in its structure and active deformation". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 330 (1): 43–64. Bibcode:2010GSLSP.330...43R. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.400.1986. doi:10.1144/SP330.4. S2CID 10426167.
- ^ Mokhtari, M.; Ala Amjadi, A.; Mahshadnia, L. (2019). "A review of the seismotectonics of the Makran Subduction Zone as a baseline for Tsunami Hazard Assessments". Geosci. Lett. 6 (13): 13. Bibcode:2019GSL.....6...13M. doi:10.1186/s40562-019-0143-1. S2CID 207957668.
- ^ Smith, G. L.; McNeill, L. C.; Wang, K.; He, J.; Henstock, T. J. (2013). "Thermal structure and megathrust seismogenic potential of the Makran subduction zone". Geophysical Research Letters. 40 (8): 1528–1533. Bibcode:2013GeoRL..40.1528S. doi:10.1002/grl.50374. S2CID 128514642. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
- ^ "Satellites reveal new views of Pakistan's 'Earthquake Island'". NBC News. 1 October 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
- ^ Delisle, G.; Rad, U. von; Andruleit, H.; Daniels, C. von; Tabrez, A.; Inam, A. (1 January 2002). "Active mud volcanoes on- and offshore eastern Makran, Pakistan". International Journal of Earth Sciences. 91 (1): 93–110. Bibcode:2002IJEaS..91...93D. doi:10.1007/s005310100203. ISSN 1437-3254. S2CID 128540961.
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