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National Movement for the Society of Development

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The National Movement for the Society of Development, also known as the National Movement for the Development of Society (French: Mouvement National pour la Société de Développement, MNSD-Nassara) is a political party in Niger. Founded under the military government of the 1974–1990 period, it was the ruling party of Niger from 1989 to 1993 and again from 1999 until 2010, when a coup on 18 February 2010, by a military junta called the Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy (CSRD), ousted President Mamadou Tandja.

National Movement for the Society of Development-Nassara
Mouvement National pour la Société de Développement-Nassara
PresidentSeyni Oumarou
FoundedMarch 1989
HeadquartersNiamey
IdeologyConservatism
Political positionCentre-right
ColorsGreen and brown
National Assembly
13 / 171
Website
mnsdnassara.com
[1]
President of Niger Tandja Mamadou on a state visit to Nigeria, 2007.

History

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20th century

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The MNSD was founded in 1989 by military ruler and President Ali Saibou, as the only legal party in the country. However, by the end of 1990, the Saibou regime acquiesced to union and student demands to institute a multi-party democratic system.

In 1991, two factions emerged within the MNSD, one behind Mamadou Tandja (MNSD-Nassara) and the other behind Moumouni Adamou Djermakoye, both of whom had been important figures in the regime of Seyni Kountché.[2][3] At a party congress in March 1991, Saibou retained his position as President of the MNSD, but at another congress held in November 1991, Tandja was elected as MNSD President, while Hama Amadou was elected as its Secretary-General.[3] Tandja obtaining the party leadership over Djermakoye marked a departure from the traditional dominance of the party by Djermakoye's Zarma (Djerma) ethnic group. Djermakoye split from the MNSD and formed his own party, the Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ANDP).[2][3]

Tandja was the MNSD candidate in the 1993 presidential elections and was the leading candidate in the first round of voting with 34% of the vote. However, he was defeated in the second round by the Democratic and Social Convention (CDS) candidate Mahamane Ousmane, who was backed by the Alliance of the Forces of Change (AFC), an alliance formed by the candidates who did not qualify for the second round.[2] Although the MNSD won 29 seats in the 1993 parliamentary elections, emerging as the largest party, it went into opposition after the elections because the AFC parties held a majority of seats. However, early parliamentary elections were held in 1995, which saw the MNSD remain the largest party with 29 seats and successfully form an alliance with the Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism (PNDS),[2][3] which had previously been hostile to the MNSD,[2] and smaller parties.[2][3] Hama Amadou of the MNSD then became Prime Minister, in cohabitation with President Ousmane. The cohabitation was marked by sharp rivalry between Amadou and Ousmane, and in January 1996 the military, led by Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, seized power in a coup.[2]

Tandja ran unsuccessfully again in the July 1996 presidential elections, finishing in third place with 15.65% of the vote, behind Maïnassara and Ousmane.[4] Along with other opposition parties, grouped together as the Front for the Restoration and Defense of Democracy, the MNSD boycotted the November 1996 parliamentary elections.[5]

Another coup in April 1999 led to general elections late in the year; the MNSD won the presidential election, with Tandja defeating Mahamadou Issoufou of the PNDS in the second round, taking 59.89% of the vote.[4][6] The MNSD again remained the largest party in the National Assembly, winning 38 out of the 83 seats,[4][6] and in alliance with the CDS, gained a parliamentary majority, resulting in Amadou becoming Prime Minister again. With the parliamentary support of smaller parties, the party maintained a working majority in the National Assembly. As President, Tandja had to give up his position as party leader. Hamidou Sékou acted as interim leader,[7] until Hama Amadou, previously the party's secretary-general,[8] was elected party president in December 2001.[7][9]

21st century

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In the 2004 general elections Tandja was re-elected to the presidency in the second round, defeating Issoufou,[4][10] with all the candidates knocked out in the first round backing Tandja. The MNSD won 47 of the 113 seats in an enlarged National Assembly.[4][10] Amadou remained Prime Minister, but his government was defeated in a no-confidence vote on 31 May 2007, and in early June Tandja appointed Seyni Oumarou as Amadou's successor.[11] Amadou was arrested for alleged embezzlement in June 2008. Serious tensions between supporters of Amadou, the MNSD President, and Tandja, the President of the Republic, subsequently developed, and supporters of the two sides traded accusations.[12]

Despite a split in the party, jailed former prime minister Hama Amadou retained the Presidency of the MNSD with his supporter Habi Mahamadou Salissou as its Secretary-General.[13] However, he was stripped of the formal leadership of the ruling party in early 2009; a special congress held in Zinder on 21 February replaced him with his successor as Prime Minister, Oumarou. Minister of Interior Albadé Abouba was elected as Secretary General of the party. This result came despite months of wrangling between pro-Tandja and pro-Amadou elements in the party that threatened to split the MNSD and saw pro-Amadou groups join opposition protests against a floated plan to extend Tandja's term past the 2009 elections.[1][14][15][16]

On 26 April 2009, the party's political bureau decided to expel eight party members, including five deputies to the National Assembly, for "indiscipline": deputies Soumana Sanda, Issaka Hassane Djégoulé, Amadou Soumana ("Belko"), Hadiza Moussa Gros and Seydou Tahirou Mayaki, as well as three party members Seyni Mounkaïla, Ladan Tchana and former Political Bureau member Oumarou Dogari. All were supporters of Hama Amadou.[17] According to Soumana Sanda, this was because of their support for the former prime minister.[18] On 14 May, the National Assembly admitted five replacement deputies, chosen by the ruling party: Abdoulaye Koro, Abdoulaye Morou, Soumana Kangaye, Amadou Saidou, and Amina Ali.[19][20]

Parliamentary elections were held in October 2009; presidential elections were postponed following a controversial referendum that extended Tandja's term in office. With the elections boycotted by several opposition parties, the MNSD won an absolute majority, taking 76 of the 113 seats. However, a coup the following year removed Tandja from office and general elections were held in 2011. Oumarou was the MNSD's presidential candidate, finishing second in the first round of voting and losing to Issoufou of the PNDS in the second. The MNSD became the second-largest party in the National Assembly behind the PNSD, winning 25 seats.[citation needed]

In the 2016 general elections Oumarou contested the presidency again, this time finishing third with 12% of the vote. The party subsequently participated in an opposition boycott of the second round as Issoufou was re-elected. In the National Assembly elections, the MNSD lost five seats as it was pushed into third place by the PNDS and MODEN/FA. A few months after Issoufou's re-election, Oumarou announced in August 2016 that the MNSD was joining the "presidential majority" coalition of parties supporting Issoufou. That move was followed by the MNSD's inclusion in the government and the appointment of Oumarou as High Representative of President Issoufou in October 2016.[21]

Electoral history

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Presidential elections

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Election Party candidate Votes % Votes % Result
First Round Second Round
1989 Ali Saibou 3,316,182 99.6% - - Elected  Y
1993 Mamadou Tandja 443,233 34.22% 639,418 45.58% Lost  N
1996 378,322 15.65% - - Lost  N
1999 617,320 32.33% 1,061,731 59.89% Elected  Y
2004 991,764 40.67% 1,509,905 65.53% Elected  Y
2011 Seyni Oumarou 766,215 23.23% 1,299,436 41.96% Lost  N
2016 563,613 12.12% - - Lost  N
2020–21 428,083 8.95% - - Lost  N

National Assembly elections

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Election Party leader Votes % Seats +/– Position
1989 Ali Saibou 3,316,182 99.6%
93 / 93
   93   1st
1993 Mamadou Tandja 383,921 30.65%
29 / 83
   64   1st
1995 467,080 32.30%
29 / 83
     1st
1996 Boycotted
0 / 83
   29
1999 611,097 34.65%
38 / 83
   38   1st
2004 849,365 37.13%
47 / 113
   9   1st
2009 1,422,698 47.33%
76 / 113
   29   1st
2011 Seyni Oumarou 664,525 20.57%
25 / 113
   51   2nd
2016 488,584 10.26%
20 / 171
   5   3rd
2020–21 319,189 6.77%
13 / 171
   7   3rd

References

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  1. ^ a b Pâté Boubacar, "MNSD-Nassara : Nouveau enjeu" Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Niger Diaspora, 2 March 2009 (in French).
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Jibrin Ibrahim and Abdoulayi Niandou Souley, "The rise to power of an opposition party: the MNSD in Niger Republic", Politeia, volume 15, number 3, Unisa Press, 1996.
  3. ^ a b c d e Myriam Gervais, "Niger: Regime Change, Economic Crisis, and Perpetuation of Privilege", in Political Reform in Francophone Africa (1997), ed. John F. Clark and David E. Gardinier, pages 100–104.
  4. ^ a b c d e Elections in Niger, African Elections Database.
  5. ^ "Élections législatives sans l'opposition et sans commentaire" Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Afrique Express (in French).
  6. ^ a b ""Rapport de la Mission d'Observation des Élections Présidentielles et Législatives des 17 octobre et 24 novembre 1999"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2005. (1.06 MiB), Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (in French).
  7. ^ a b "Les partis politiques nigériens, leurs leaders respectifs et les pratiques politiques inavouables" Archived 5 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, La Roue de l'Histoire, 24 February – 1 March 2004 (in French).
  8. ^ "Politique: Hama Amadou est-il présidentiable?"[permanent dead link], Tamtaminfo.com, 27 February 2007 (in French).
  9. ^ "En piste pour la prochaine présidentielle, Le Premier ministre Hama Amadou désigné président de son parti" Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Afrique Express, 2 January 2002 (in French).
  10. ^ a b "Tandja wins second term as president in historic first for country", IRIN, 8 December 2004.
  11. ^ "Niger: proche de son prédécesseur, Seyni Oumarou nommé Premier ministre", Agence France-Presse, 3 June 2007 (in French).
  12. ^ "Nigerien ruling party suffers from frictions"[permanent dead link], African Press Agency, 14 September 2008.
  13. ^ National Political Bureau of the MNSD, MNSD web site (2005 archive) (in French).
  14. ^ Moriba Magassouba and Fabienne Pompey, "L’énigme Tandja", Jeune Afrique, 11 January 2009 (in French).
  15. ^ "Niger: manifestation pour la libération de l'ex-Premier ministre", Agence France-Presse, 19 October 2008 (in French).
  16. ^ "Niger bans demo for detained ex-PM", Sapa-AFP. 23 October 2008.
  17. ^ "Au MNSD Nassara : exclusion de huit grosses pointures", Liberation, 26 April 2008 (in French).
  18. ^ Amani Mounkaïla, "MNSD-Nassara 5 députés et 3 militants exclus"[permanent dead link], La Source, 28 April 2009 (in French).
  19. ^ Mahaman Bako, "Assemblée nationale : adoption du projet de loi d'orientation relative à la culture"[permanent dead link], Sahel Dimanche, 15 May 2009 (in French).
  20. ^ Mahaman Bako, "Assemblée nationale : tumultes et coups de théâtre à la séance plénière du jeudi dernier", Sahel Quotidien, 5 May 2009 (in French).
  21. ^ Mathieu Olivier, "Niger : Seini Oumarou nommé Haut représentant du chef de l’État", Jeune Afrique, 21 October 2016 (in French).
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