Matrix metalloproteinase 28 also known as epilysin is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MMP28 gene.[5][6][7]

MMP28
Identifiers
AliasesMMP28, EPILYSIN, MM28, MMP-25, MMP-28, MMP25, matrix metallopeptidase 28
External IDsOMIM: 608417; MGI: 2153062; HomoloGene: 41559; GeneCards: MMP28; OMA:MMP28 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001032278
NM_024302
NM_032950

NM_080453
NM_172797
NM_001320300

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001027449
NP_077278
NP_116568
NP_116568.1

n/a

Location (UCSC)Chr 17: 35.76 – 35.8 MbChr 11: 83.33 – 83.35 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Function

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Matrix metalloproteinase 28, also known as epilysin, belongs to a family of proteins known as matrix metalloproteinases which are common to tissue regulation. Matrix metalloproteinases are commonly known to degrade the extracellular matrix, alongside regulating cell surface receptors MMP-28 releases growth factors and adhesion molecules to modulate inflammation.[8] MMP-28 is unique in that it can be found in many regular tissues, denoting a potential role in maintaining the healthy structure and function of most tissue. MMPs commonly modulate their expression via negative and positive feedback loops as a result of releasing and responding to growth hormones.

MMP-28 is less frequently found in tissues such as the brain, colon, heart, and lungs.[9] However, MMP-28 is expressed heavily in organs such as the testes. Epilysin is also found in high concentration in basal keratinocytes in injured skin, even at some distance away from the wound, showing a role in repairing damaged tissue. MMP-28 also can alter the cell membrane to become more adhesive, and not allowing the cell to migrate.[10]

Structure

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MMP-28 is a 520 amino acid long protein. The estimated signal peptide sequence appears as a long tail of random coil coming off of the protein that helps to guide the protein to excretion with the sequence PRCGVTD.[11] The zinc binding catalytic site is tucked within an alpha helix within the center of the protein with a HEIGHTLGLTH sequence at positions 240–250 with a hemopexin-like domain. Epilysin contains 8 exons, 5 of which are splice sites unique to MMP-28 and not used by any other metalloproteinase in the MMP family.

Epilysin contains 8 exons, 5 of which are splice sites unique to MMP-28 and not used by any other metalloproteinase in the MMP family.

The full amino acid sequence is listed on uniprot.[12]

Clinical implications

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The overexpression of MMP-28 is linked to the metastasis of tumors in cancer.[13] Expression of MMP-28 can be linked to tumor diameter, depth of invasion, and stage of metastasis. In patients with positive overexpression of MMP-28, survival may be significantly less likely compared to negative expression of this protein, making it a potentially important marker for proactive prognosis of some forms of cancer.

MMP-28 may also play an important role in the breakdown of myelin,[14] an important component of nervous system functionality. Demyelination may interrupt nerve signaling or even halt it completely, which can create severe neurological effects such as multiple sclerosis transverse myelitis and neuromyelitis optica.[15]

References

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  1. ^ a b c ENSG00000271447 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000278843, ENSG00000271447Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000020682Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ Lohi J, Wilson CL, Roby JD, Parks WC (March 2001). "Epilysin, a novel human matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-28) expressed in testis and keratinocytes and in response to injury". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (13): 10134–10144. doi:10.1074/jbc.M001599200. PMID 11121398.
  6. ^ Marchenko GN, Strongin AY (March 2001). "MMP-28, a new human matrix metalloproteinase with an unusual cysteine-switch sequence is widely expressed in tumors". Gene. 265 (1–2): 87–93. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00360-2. PMID 11255011.
  7. ^ "Entrez Gene: MMP28 matrix metallopeptidase 28".
  8. ^ Illman SA, Lohi J, Keski-Oja J (November 2008). "Epilysin (MMP-28)--structure, expression and potential functions". Experimental Dermatology. 17 (11): 897–907. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00782.x. PMID 18803661. S2CID 9952480.
  9. ^ Lohi J, Wilson CL, Roby JD, Parks WC (March 2001). "Epilysin, a novel human matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-28) expressed in testis and keratinocytes and in response to injury". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (13): 10134–10144. doi:10.1074/jbc.M001599200. PMID 11121398.
  10. ^ Rodgers UR, Kevorkian L, Surridge AK, Waters JG, Swingler TE, Culley K, et al. (June 2009). "Expression and function of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-28". Matrix Biology. 28 (5): 263–272. doi:10.1016/j.matbio.2009.04.006. PMC 2724077. PMID 19375502.
  11. ^ Lohi J, Wilson CL, Roby JD, Parks WC (March 2001). "Epilysin, a novel human matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-28) expressed in testis and keratinocytes and in response to injury". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (13): 10134–10144. doi:10.1074/jbc.m001599200. PMID 11121398.
  12. ^ "Uniprot". Uniprot. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
  13. ^ Zhang J, Pan Q, Yan W, Wang Y, He X, Zhao Z (May 2018). "Overexpression of MMP21 and MMP28 is associated with gastric cancer progression and poor prognosis". Oncology Letters. 15 (5): 7776–7782. doi:10.3892/ol.2018.8328. PMC 5920775. PMID 29731903.
  14. ^ Werner SR, Dotzlaf JE, Smith RC (September 2008). "MMP-28 as a regulator of myelination". BMC Neuroscience. 9: 83. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-9-83. PMC 2551619. PMID 18778487.
  15. ^ "Find out more about demylinating disease like multiple sclerosis". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2022-04-24.

Further reading

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  • The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: M10.030