Collagenase 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MMP13gene.[5][6] It is a member of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family. Like most MMPs, it is secreted as an inactive pro-form.[7] MMP-13 has a predicted molecular weight around 54 kDa.[8] It is activated once the pro-domain is cleaved, leaving an active enzyme composed of the catalytic domain and the hemopexin-like domain PDB: 1PEX. Although the actual mechanism has not been described, the hemopexin domain participates in collagen degradation, the catalytic domain alone being particularly inefficient in collagen degradation. During embryonic development, MMP-13 is expressed in the skeleton as required for restructuring the collagen matrix for bone mineralization. In pathological situations it is highly overexpressed; this occurs in human carcinomas, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.[9]
Proteins of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family are involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes, such as embryonic development, reproduction, and tissue remodeling, as well as in disease processes, such as arthritis and metastasis. Most MMPs are secreted as inactive proproteins which are activated when cleaved by extracellular proteinases. The protein encoded by this gene cleaves type II collagen more efficiently than types I and III[citation needed]. It may be involved in articular cartilage turnover and cartilage pathophysiology associated with osteoarthritis. The gene is part of a cluster of MMP genes which localize to chromosome 11q22.3.[6]
Transcriptional regulation of MMP-13 is tightly controlled due to its potent proteolytic capacity. There are several binding domains for various transcription factors including AP-1, PEA-3 and OSE-2 as well as a sequence with homology to a TGF-β inhibitory element (TIE). Moreover, several cytokines and growth factors have been demonstrated to affect Mmp13 gene expression, including parathyroid hormone, IGF-1, TGF-β, hepatocyte growth factor and many inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1α and IL-1β.[10]
The upstream regulatory region of the Mmp13 gene contains a number of transcription factor binding sites but it was recently discovered that there is a conserved forkhead response element (FHRE) consensus sequence for FOXO3a in the human, mouse and rat Mmp13 promoter. Endogenous FOXO3a activation results in marked upregulation of Mmp13 expression which is capable of promoting extracellular matrix degradation and apoptotic cell death. [11]
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^Takaishi H, Kimura T, Dalal S, Okada Y, D'Armiento J (February 2008). "Joint diseases and matrix metalloproteinases: a role for MMP-13". Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. 9 (1): 47–54. doi:10.2174/138920108783497659. PMID18289056.
^Cheng C, Tempel D, van Haperen R, van Damme L, Algür M, Krams R, de Crom R (May 2009). "Activation of MMP8 and MMP13 by angiotensin II correlates to severe intra-plaque hemorrhages and collagen breakdown in atherosclerotic lesions with a vulnerable phenotype". Atherosclerosis. 204 (1): 26–33. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.01.025. PMID19233360.
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Pendás AM, Balbín M, Llano E, Jiménez MG, López-Otín C (March 1997). "Structural analysis and promoter characterization of the human collagenase-3 gene (MMP13)". Genomics. 40 (2): 222–33. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.4554. PMID9119388.
Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (October 1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID9373149.
Willmroth F, Peter HH, Conca W (February 1998). "A matrix metalloproteinase gene expressed in human T lymphocytes is identical with collagenase 3 from breast carcinomas". Immunobiology. 198 (4): 375–84. doi:10.1016/s0171-2985(98)80046-6. PMID9562863.
Lovejoy B, Welch AR, Carr S, Luong C, Broka C, Hendricks RT, et al. (March 1999). "Crystal structures of MMP-1 and -13 reveal the structural basis for selectivity of collagenase inhibitors". Nature Structural Biology. 6 (3): 217–21. doi:10.1038/6657. PMID10074939. S2CID36142262.
McQuibban GA, Gong JH, Tam EM, McCulloch CA, Clark-Lewis I, Overall CM (August 2000). "Inflammation dampened by gelatinase A cleavage of monocyte chemoattractant protein-3". Science. 289 (5482): 1202–6. Bibcode:2000Sci...289.1202M. doi:10.1126/science.289.5482.1202. PMID10947989.
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