Logarithmically convex function

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In mathematics, a function f is logarithmically convex or superconvex[1] if , the composition of the logarithm with f, is itself a convex function.

Definition

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Let X be a convex subset of a real vector space, and let f : XR be a function taking non-negative values. Then f is:

  • Logarithmically convex if   is convex, and
  • Strictly logarithmically convex if   is strictly convex.

Here we interpret   as  .

Explicitly, f is logarithmically convex if and only if, for all x1, x2X and all t ∈ [0, 1], the two following equivalent conditions hold:

 

Similarly, f is strictly logarithmically convex if and only if, in the above two expressions, strict inequality holds for all t ∈ (0, 1).

The above definition permits f to be zero, but if f is logarithmically convex and vanishes anywhere in X, then it vanishes everywhere in the interior of X.

Equivalent conditions

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If f is a differentiable function defined on an interval IR, then f is logarithmically convex if and only if the following condition holds for all x and y in I:

 

This is equivalent to the condition that, whenever x and y are in I and x > y,

 

Moreover, f is strictly logarithmically convex if and only if these inequalities are always strict.

If f is twice differentiable, then it is logarithmically convex if and only if, for all x in I,

 

If the inequality is always strict, then f is strictly logarithmically convex. However, the converse is false: It is possible that f is strictly logarithmically convex and that, for some x, we have  . For example, if  , then f is strictly logarithmically convex, but  .

Furthermore,   is logarithmically convex if and only if   is convex for all  .[2][3]

Sufficient conditions

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If   are logarithmically convex, and if   are non-negative real numbers, then   is logarithmically convex.

If   is any family of logarithmically convex functions, then   is logarithmically convex.

If   is convex and   is logarithmically convex and non-decreasing, then   is logarithmically convex.

Properties

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A logarithmically convex function f is a convex function since it is the composite of the increasing convex function   and the function  , which is by definition convex. However, being logarithmically convex is a strictly stronger property than being convex. For example, the squaring function   is convex, but its logarithm   is not. Therefore the squaring function is not logarithmically convex.

Examples

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  •   is logarithmically convex when   and strictly logarithmically convex when  .
  •   is strictly logarithmically convex on   for all  
  • Euler's gamma function is strictly logarithmically convex when restricted to the positive real numbers. In fact, by the Bohr–Mollerup theorem, this property can be used to characterize Euler's gamma function among the possible extensions of the factorial function to real arguments.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Kingman, J.F.C. 1961. A convexity property of positive matrices. Quart. J. Math. Oxford (2) 12,283-284.
  2. ^ Montel 1928.
  3. ^ NiculescuPersson 2006, p. 70.

References

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  • John B. Conway. Functions of One Complex Variable I, second edition. Springer-Verlag, 1995. ISBN 0-387-90328-3.
  • "Convexity, logarithmic", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994]
  • Niculescu, Constantin; Persson, Lars-Erik (2006), Convex Functions and their Applications - A Contemporary Approach (1st ed.), Springer, doi:10.1007/0-387-31077-0, ISBN 978-0-387-24300-9, ISSN 1613-5237.
  • Montel, Paul (1928), "Sur les fonctions convexes et les fonctions sousharmoniques", Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées (in French), 7: 29–60.

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