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California Rancheria Termination Acts

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The California Rancheria Termination Acts refer to three acts of Congress and an amendment passed in the 1950s and 1960s as part of the US Indian termination policy. The three Acts, passed in 1956, 1957,[1] and 1958 targeted 41 Rancherias for termination. An additional seven were added via an amendment in 1964. Including three previous terminations, 46 of the 51 targeted Rancherias were successfully terminated. Through litigation and legislation, over 30 Rancherias have been restored and at least five are still working to be.

Terminations prior to 1958

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The first termination occurred on 29 March 1956 for the Koi Nation of the Lower Lake Rancheria in two laws, Public Law 443 [H. R. 585] 70 Stat. 58[2] and Public Law 751 [H. R. 11163] 70 Stat. 595 which amended the description of the property.[3] Lake County purchased the Lower Lake Rancheria property to build an airport and the tribal position was that though they were landless, they had not been officially terminated.[4] Indian Health program records, however, show that the tribe was officially terminated as of 29 March 1956 and no tribal members were eligible for services.[5] After years of attempting to have their status reaffirmed, the Bureau of Indian Affairs "citing oversights in official records",[4] recognized the tribe on 29 December 2000.[6]

The second termination occurred on 10 July 1957 when the Coyote Valley Band of Pomo Indians was displaced with passage of Public Law 85-91 71 Stat. 283 authorizing the sale of the Coyote Valley Rancheria by the Secretary of the Interior to the Secretary of the Army for the Russian River Basin project to build the Coyote Valley Dam.[7] Though this band was relocated a few miles away to the Coyote Valley Reservation, records of the Indian Health program show that it was terminated and all tribal members were ineligible for further services as of 10 July 1957.[5] Like the Koi Nation, this may have been a recording error, as the tribe is a federally recognized entity.[8]

One final Rancheria appears to have been terminated prior to the 1958 Act. According to the Indian Health program records, Laguna Rancheria was terminated effective 4 February 1958.[5]

California Rancheria Termination Act of 1958

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On 18 August 1958, Congress passed the California Rancheria Termination Act, Public Law 85-671 (72 Stat. 619). The act called for the distribution of all 41 rancheria communal lands and assets to individual tribe members. It called for a plan "for distributing to individual Indians the assets of the reservation or Rancheria, including the assigned and the unassigned lands, or for selling such assets and distributing the proceeds of sale, or conveying such assets to a corporation or other legal entity organized or designed by the group, or for conveying such assets to the group, as tenants in common."[9] Before the land could be distributed, the act called for a government survey of land on the rancheria. The government was required to improve or construct all roads serving the rancheria, to install or rehabilitate irrigation, sanitation, and domestic water systems, and to exchange land held in trust for the rancheria.[10] All Indians who received a portion of the assets were ineligible to receive any more federal services rendered to them based on their status as Indians.

In 1957–58, a State Senate Interim Committee investigation revealed that little had been done to prepare Indian reserves for termination.[11] In 1958, the Rancheria Termination Act was enacted. A memo from the Department of Interior shows the insufficiency of the notice given the California Indians, which was simply posted on the Rancheria for 30 days.[12] In many testimonies, like that of the Nisenan of the Nevada City Rancheria, plaintiffs alleged that BIA officials spoke only to whoever was occupying the homestead at the time, rather than consulting with Indians living in the surrounding area.[13]

1964 Amendment

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In 1964, an amendment to the California Rancheria Termination Act (78 Stat. 390) was enacted, terminating additional rancheria lands. Overall, then, there were 3 rancherias terminated prior to Public Law 85-671, 41 mentioned in Public Law 85-671, an additional 7 included in the amendment of 1964 and 5 that were never terminated but were listed, correcting the number of California Rancherias terminated from the oft-cited 41 to 46 total terminations. The Bureau of Indian Affairs states that while 41 Rancherias were slated for termination ultimately only 38 were terminated under the Rancheria Act,[14] the source of this discrepancy is unknown.

Restoration

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Many tribes expressed dissatisfaction with termination immediately.[15] Federal failures to live up to promised improvements and educational opportunities that were supposed to be part of an agreement to accept termination led eventually to lawsuits calling to reverse terminations.[16]

The first successful challenge was for the Robinson Rancheria which was 22 March 1977 and it was followed by 5 others: the Hopland Rancheria was restored 29 March 1978; The Upper Lake Rancheria was restored 15 May 1979; the Table Bluff Rancheria was restored 21 September 1981; the Big Sandy Rancheria was restored 28 March 1983; and the Table Mountain Rancheria was restored in June, 1983. Each of these decisions only pertained to one reservation.

The success of these suits and frustration with unmet promises, caused Tillie Hardwick in 1979 to consult with California Indian Legal Services, who decided to make a class action case.[17] On 19 July 1983 a U.S.District Court in Tillie Hardwick, et al. v. United States of America, et al. Case #C-79-1710-SW ordered federal recognition of 17 of California's Rancherias.[18] The Hardwick decision restored more terminated tribes than any other single case in California and prompted the majority of the terminated Rancherias to pursue federal restoration.

Of the 46 terminated Rancherias 27[19] have been restored, one (Coyote Valley) didn't need restoration because it is currently recognized, and at least five Rancherias are still trying to restore their federal status.

Lists of California Rancherias

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California Rancherias Terminated prior to 1958
Rancheria or Reservation Tribal entity Date of termination[20] Date of Reinstatement Date of Land Restoration Details
1. Lower Lake Rancheria Koi Nation of Northern California March 29, 1956 December 29, 2000 Terminated by Public Law 443 [H. R. 585] 70 Stat. 58[2] and Public Law 751 [H. R. 11163] 70 Stat. 595.
2. Caoyote Valley Rancheria Coyote Valley Band of Pomo Indians of California July 10, 1957 Terminated by Public Law 85-91 71 Stat. 283.
3. Laguna Rancheria February 4, 1958 1977
California Rancherias Terminated by Act of 1958
Rancheria or Reservation Tribal entity Date of termination[6] Date of Reinstatement Date of Land Restoration Details
1. Alexander Valley Rancheria Mishewal Wappo Indians of Alexander Valley August 1, 1961[5] In 2009, the tribe filed for federal restoration.[21] On 25 July 2013 a hearing was held in San Jose, California in the federal court of U.S. District Court Judge Edward Davila.[22] The claim was denied citing that the statute of limitations was exceeded.[23]
2. Auburn Rancheria United Auburn Indian Community August 18, 1967 October 31, 1994 October 31, 1994 By federal statute. Public Law No. 103-434, 108 Stat. 4533[24] With the passage of their restoration law, 49.21 acres (19.91 ha) were restored to the tribal trust.[6]
3. Big Sandy Rancheria Big Sandy Rancheria of Mono Indians August 18, 1958 March 28, 1983 March 28, 1983 By US Federal Court decision San Joaquin or Big Sandy Band of Indians, et al. v. James Watt, et al. Civil Case #C-80-3787-MHP[25]
4. Big Valley Rancheria Big Valley Band of Pomo Indians November 11, 1965 December 22, 1983 December 22, 1983 By US Federal Court decision Tillie Hardwick, et al. v. United States of America, et al. Case #C-79-1710-SW[26] At the time of the Hardwick I decision 99.52 acres (40.27 ha) of land were restored to the tribal trust.[6]
5. Blue Lake Rancheria Blue Lake Rancheria of the Wiyot, Yurok, and Hupa Indians September 22, 1966 December 22, 1983 December 22, 1983 By US Federal Court decision Tillie Hardwick, et al. v. United States of America, et al. Case #C-79-1710-SW[26] At the time of the Hardwick I decision 19.40 acres (7.85 ha) were restored to the tribal trust.[6]
6. Buena Vista Rancheria Buena Vista Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California April 11, 1961 December 22, 1983 By US Federal Court decision Tillie Hardwick, et al. v. United States of America, et al. Case #C-79-1710-SW[26]
7. Cache Creek Rancheria Un­known April 11, 1961[5] Remains terminated as of 1997[20] Note: The Cache Creek Casino Resort is run by the Yocha Dehe Wintun Nation.
8. Chicken Ranch Rancheria Chicken Ranch Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California August 1, 1961 December 22, 1983 December 22, 1983 By US Federal Court decision Tillie Hardwick, et al. v. United States of America, et al. Case #C-79-1710-SW[26] At the time of the Hardwick I decision 50.58 acres (20.47 ha) were restored to the tribal trust.[6]
9. Chico Rancheria Mechoopda Indian Tribe of Chico Rancheria, California June 2, 1967 May 4, 1992 January 24, 2014[27] Federal decree: 57 Fed. Reg. 19,133 (May 4, 1992). Partial restoration of lands was granted in the final settlement of a US Federal Court decision Scotts Valley v. United States (Final Judgment), No. C-86-3660-VRW (N.D. Cal. April 17, 1992), but they were unable to reestablish the former Rancheria boundaries. The tribe's former reservation is within the City of Chico and zoned for residential and commercial use, with a part of it being California State University property. On 20 March 20, 2000, the formally requested the State of California to negotiate with the tribe for class III gaming facilities. The stated declined as the tribe has no lands. In 2003 the tribe filed suit in Mechoopda Indian Tribe of Chico Rancheria, California v. Arnold Schwarzenegger and the State of California, Civ. S-03-2327WBS/GGH, but the case was dismissed on 12 March 2004.[28] A decade later, the federal government authorized the tribe to restore their lands under the "restored lands exception" of the Indian Reorganization Act.[27]
10. Cloverdale Rancheria Cloverdale Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California December 30, 1965 December 22, 1983 December 22, 1983 By US Federal Court decision Tillie Hardwick, et al. v. United States of America, et al. Case #C-79-1710-SW[26] At the time of the Hardwick I decision 12.56 acres (5.08 ha) were restored to the tribal trust.[6]
11. Cold Springs Rancheria Cold Springs Rancheria of Mono Indians of California — — — The ACCIP Termination Report: The Continuing Destructive Effects of the Termination Policy on California Indians, prepared by the Advisory Council on California Indian Policy in September, 1997 states that the Cold Springs Rancheria was never terminated[20]
12. Elk Valley Rancheria Elk Valley Rancheria, California July 16, 1966 December 22, 1983 December 22, 1983 By US Federal Court decision Tillie Hardwick, et al. v. United States of America, et al. Case #C-79-1710-SW[26] At the time of the Hardwick I decision 215.44 acres (87.19 ha) were restored to the tribal trust.[6]
13. Graton Rancheria Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria, California February 18, 1966 1992[29] December 27, 2000 On 2 March 1999 legislation was introduced to restore the tribal lands of the tribe.[30] The legislation was passed the US Congress and signed by President Clinton on December 27, 2000.[31]
14. Greenville Rancheria Greenville Rancheria of Maidu Indians December 8, 1966 December 22, 1983 December 22, 1983 By US Federal Court decision Tillie Hardwick, et al. v. United States of America, et al. Case #C-79-1710-SW[26] At the time of the Hardwick I decision 1.8 acres (0.73 ha) of land were restored to the tribal trust.[6]
15. Guidiville Rancheria Guidiville Rancheria of California September 3, 1965 1986[32] March 15, 1991 By US Federal Court decision Scotts Valley Band of Pomo Indians of the Sugar Bowl Rancheria, et al. v. United States of America, et al., No. C-86-3660-WWS[33] Shortly after the Scotts Valley decision 46.88 acres (18.97 ha) were restored to the tribal trust.[6]
16. Hopland Rancheria Hopland Band of Pomo Indians, California June 18, 1961 March 29, 1978 March 29, 1978 By US Federal Court decision Roger Smith, as Administrator of the Estate of Ellerick Smith, et al. v. United States of America, et al. Case #C-74-1016- WTS[34]
17. Indian Ranch Rancheria Un­known September 22, 1964[5] Remains terminated as of 1997[20]
18. Lytton Rancheria Lytton Band of Pomo Indians August 1, 1961 September 6, 1991[6][35] 2000 In 2000 federal legislation was passed granting the tribe a card room in San Pablo as a reservation. In 2002, a lawsuit was filed claiming the group was never a sovereign group and a second challenge was filed in 2003. The tribe defeated both and in 2004 Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger agreed to back the plan of an urban tribal casino.[36] The casino began operations on 1 August 2005.[37]
19. Mark West Rancheria Un­known August 1, 1961[5] Remains terminated as of 1997[20]
20. Middletown Rancheria Middletown Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California — — — The ACCIP Termination Report: The Continuing Destructive Effects of the Termination Policy on California Indians, prepared by the Advisory Council on California Indian Policy in September, 1997 states that the Middletown Rancheria was never terminated.[20]
21. Montgomery Creek Rancheria Pit River Tribe, California — — — The ACCIP Termination Report: The Continuing Destructive Effects of the Termination Policy on California Indians, prepared by the Advisory Council on California Indian Policy in September, 1997 states that the Montgomery Creek Rancheria was one of the land bases of the Pit River Tribe and was never terminated.[20]
22. Mooretown Rancheria Mooretown Rancheria of Maidu Indians August 1, 1961 December 22, 1983 December 22, 1983 By US Federal Court decision Tillie Hardwick, et al. v. United States of America, et al. Case #C-79-1710-SW[26] At the time of the Hardwick I decision 445.31 acres (180.21 ha) were restored to the tribal trust.[6]
23. Nevada City Rancheria Nevada City Rancheria of Nisenan of Northern California September 22, 1964[5][38] On 2 December 2010, the Nevada County Historical Society board of directors unanimously rescinded their 2000 endorsement of the Plumas County Tsi Akim Maidu and acknowledged the Nevada City Rancheria tribe's claim of being the historical indigenous people of Nevada County.[38] On 20 January 2010, the tribe filed a case in the US District Court of Northern California (C-10-00270-HRL) for wrongful termination, restoration and federal recognition of their tribe.[13]
24. North Fork Rancheria North Fork Rancheria of Mono Indians February 18, 1966 December 22, 1983 December 22, 1983 By US Federal Court decision Tillie Hardwick, et al. v. United States of America, et al. Case #C-79-1710-SW[26] At the time of the Hardwick I decision 141.52 acres (57.27 ha) were restored to the tribal trust.[6]
25. Paskenta Rancheria Paskenta Band of Nomlaki Indians of California April 11, 1961 November 2, 1994 November 2, 1994 By federal statute. Public Law No. 103-454, 108 Stat. 4793[39] With the passage of their restoration law, 1,869.16 acres of land were restored to the tribal trust.[6]
26. Picayune Rancheria Picayune Rancheria of Chukchansi Indians of California February 18, 1966 December 22, 1983 December 22, 1983 By US Federal Court decision Tillie Hardwick, et al. v. United States of America, et al. Case #C-79-1710-SW[26] At the time of the Hardwick I decision 28.76 acres of land were restored to the tribal trust.[6]
27. Pinoleville Rancheria Pinoleville Pomo Nation February 18, 1966 December 22, 1983 December 22, 1983 By US Federal Court decision Tillie Hardwick, et al. v. United States of America, et al. Case #C-79-1710-SW[26] At the time of the Hardwick I decision 26.37 acres of land were restored to the tribal trust.[6]
28. Potter Valley Rancheria Potter Valley Tribe, California August 1, 1961 December 22, 1983 By US Federal Court decision Tillie Hardwick, et al. v. United States of America, et al. Case #C-79-1710-SW[26]
29. Quartz Valley Rancheria Quartz Valley Indian Community of the Quartz Valley Reservation of California January 20, 1967 December 22, 1983 December 22, 1983 By US Federal Court decision Tillie Hardwick, et al. v. United States of America, et al. Case #C-79-1710-SW[26] At the time of the Hardwick I decision 129.64 acres of land were restored to the tribal trust.[6]
30. Redding Rancheria Redding Rancheria, California June 20, 1962 December 22, 1983 December 22, 1983 By US Federal Court decision Tillie Hardwick, et al. v. United States of America, et al. Case #C-79-1710-SW[26] At the time of the Hardwick I decision 50.33 acres of land were restored to the tribal trust.[6]
31. Redwood Valley Rancheria Redwood Valley or Little River Band of Pomo Indians of the Redwood Valley Rancheria California August 1, 1961 December 22, 1983 December 22, 1983 By US Federal Court decision Tillie Hardwick, et al. v. United States of America, et al. Case #C-79-1710-SW[26] At the time of the Hardwick I decision 176.52 acres of land were restored to the tribal trust.[6]
32. Robinson Rancheria Robinson Rancheria Band of Pomo Indians September 3, 1965 March 22, 1977 June 29, 1977 By US Federal Court decision Mabel Duncan, et al. v. Cecil D. Andrus, et al. Case Nos. C-71-1572-WWS, C-71-1713-WWS[40] The 1977 ruling found that the tribal status must be "unterminated" and its tribal members were to regain federal benefits lost through their unlawful termination. Subsequently, two additional actions were filed. Mabel Duncan et al. v. the United States 597 F.2d 1337 found 18 April 1979 that the US government was liable for tribal damages.[41] On 2 December 1981 the judge confirmed federal liability for damages in Mabel Duncan et al. v. the United States 667 F.2d 36.[42] After the 1977 ruling, 153.22 acres of land were restored to the tribal trust.[6]
33. Rohnerville Rancheria Bear River Band of the Rohnerville Rancheria July 16, 1966 December 22, 1983 December 22, 1983 By US Federal Court decision Tillie Hardwick, et al. v. United States of America, et al. Case #C-79-1710-SW[26] At the time of the Hardwick I decision 62.16 acres of land were restored to the tribal trust.[6]
34. Ruffeys Rancheria Un­known April 11, 1962[5] Remains terminated as of 1997[20]
35. Scotts Valley Rancheria Scotts Valley Band of Pomo Indians September 3, 1965 March 15, 1991 March 15, 1991 By US Federal Court decision Scotts Valley Band of Pomo Indians of the Sugar Bowl Rancheria, et al. v. United States of America, et al., No. C-86-3660-WWS[33] Shortly after the Scotts Valley decision 0.79 acres of land were restored to the tribal trust.[6]
36. Smith River Rancheria Tolowa Dee-ni' Nation July 29, 1967 December 22, 1983 December 22, 1983 By US Federal Court decision Tillie Hardwick, et al. v. United States of America, et al. Case #C-79-1710-SW[26] At the time of the Hardwick I decision 89.49 acres of land were restored to the tribal trust.[6]
37. Strawberry Valley Rancheria Strawberry Valley Band of Pakan'yani Maidu April 11, 1961[5] In July, 2013 they met with Yuba County supervisors, in an attempt to win county endorsement of their efforts for federal recognition and tribal restoration.[43]
38. Table Bluff Rancheria The Wiyot Tribe, California April 11, 1961 September 21, 1981 September 21, 1981 By US Federal Court decision Table Bluff Band of Indians, et al. v. Cecil Andrus, et al. Case #C-75-2525-WTS[44] At the time of the Table Bluff decision 87.99 acres of land were restored to the tribal trust.[6]
39. Table Mountain Rancheria Table Mountain Rancheria of California 1959 June 1983 By US Federal Court decision Table Mountain Rancheria Association v. James Watt, Secretary of the Interior, No. C-80-4595-MHP[45]
40. Upper Lake Rancheria Habematolel Pomo of Upper Lake, California 1959 May 15, 1979 2008 By US Federal Court decision Upper Lake Pomo Association, et. al v. Cecil Andrus, et al. No. C-75-0181-SW[46] (The reference to the tribes' restoration date in 1979 was found within other litigation concerning native gaming.) The tribe achieved renewed recognition of their tribal status at that time, but was unable restore their tribal land trust until 2008.[47]
41. Wilton Rancheria Me-Wuk Indian Community of the Wilton Rancheria September 27, 1964[5] 2009 The tribe regained their federal tribal recognition in 2009. In 2014, they were still attempting to have their tribal lands restored.[48]

The ACCIP Termination Report: The Continuing Destructive Effects of the Termination Policy on California Indians, (ACCIP Termination Report) prepared by the Advisory Council on California Indian Policy in September, 1997 lists 7 additional reservations which were terminated as a result of the 1964 Amendments to the Rancheria Act, which did not list them by name.

California Rancherias Terminated by 1964 Amendment
Rancheria or Reservation Tribal entity Date of termination[20] Date of Reinstatement Date of Land Restoration Details
1. El Dorado Rancheria Miwok Tribe of the El Dorado Rancheria July 16, 1966[5] As of 2014 the Miwok Tribe of the El Dorado Rancheria has not sought to restore its federally-recognized sovereign status.[49]
2. Mission Creek Reservation Mission Creek Reservation 1970 The Serrano, Cahuilla and Cupeño and other peoples who formerly inhabited the Mission Creek Reservation filed a letter of intent to reinstate their tribal status with the Bureau of Indian Affairs on 19 July 2012.[50]
3. Colfax Rancheria Colfax Todds Valley Consolidated Tribe 1965 The Miwok and Maidu Indians of the Colfax Todds Valley Consolidated Tribe discovered in the 1970s that their reservation at the Colfax Rancheria was sold in 1965 by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The local Nisenan attempted to get the land turned over for their use, but were unsuccessful in regaining the land.[51] In 2000, the tribe reorganized in an attempt to be restored as a federally recognized Indian tribe.[52]
4. Likely Rancheria Pit River Tribe, California — — — The ACCIP Termination Report indicates that this rancheria was sold; however, according to the April, 2014 List of Federally Recognized Tribes the Pit River Tribe includes the former rancherias of: XL Ranch, Big Bend, Likely, Lookout, Montgomery Creek and Roaring Creek Rancherias.[8]
5. Lookout Rancheria Pit River Tribe, California — — — The ACCIP Termination Report indicates that this rancheria was sold; however, according to the April, 2014 List of Federally Recognized Tribes the Pit River Tribe includes the former rancherias of: XL Ranch, Big Bend, Likely, Lookout, Montgomery Creek and Roaring Creek Rancherias.[8]
6. Strathmore Rancheria Mono Indians of the Strathmore Rancheria The ACCIP Termination Report indicates that this rancheria was sold and specifically states, "These sales did not affect the status of any tribe;" however, in the 10 December 1965 issue of the Fresno Bee is a report that the Mono Indians of the Strathmore Rancheria were questioning the BIA decision to sell their reservation lands.[15]
7. Taylorsville Rancheria Tsi Akim Maidu of the Taylorsville Rancheria The Tsi Akim Maidu of the Taylorsville Rancheria are seeking federal recognition.[53] In 2013, they were able to resecure a portion of their ancestral lands in Plumas County, California,[54] but without federal recognition they are unable to have it restored as a reservation.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Ulrich, Roberta (2010). American Indian Nations from Termination to Restoration, 1953-2006. University of Nebraska Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-8032-3364-5. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  2. ^ Oklahoma State University Library. "INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Vol. 6, Laws". digital.library.okstate.edu. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  3. ^ Oklahoma State University Library. "INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Vol. 6, Laws". digital.library.okstate.edu. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  4. ^ a b "Tribal History - The Koi Nation". Koi Nation.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Indian Health program terminated tribes list". Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Bureau of Land Management termination report".
  7. ^ Oklahoma State University Library. "INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Vol. 6, Laws". digital.library.okstate.edu. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  8. ^ a b c "Federally or State Recognized Tribes List".
  9. ^ Public Law 85-671, August 18, 1958. Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties, Vol. VI (Washington: Government Printing Office), p. 831 [1]
  10. ^ "WILLIAMS v. GOVER" (PDF). Findlaw. 20 June 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  11. ^ "A History of American Indians in California: 1934-1964". National Park Service. 17 November 2004. Retrieved 1 May 2007.
  12. ^ "APPROVAL GIVEN TO TEN PLANS FOR DISTRIBUTION OF LANDS TO CALIFORNIA INDIANS UNDER 1958 LAW" (PDF). Department of the Interior – Information Service. 4 September 1959. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  13. ^ a b "NISENAN MAIDU TRIBE OF THE NEVADA CITY RANCHERIA, Plaintiff, v. KEN SALAZAR, et. al., Defendants" (PDF). 13 May 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  14. ^ "Who We Are | Indian Affairs".
  15. ^ a b "The Fresno Bee The Republican from Fresno, California · Page 40". Newspapers.com. 10 December 1965. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  16. ^ http://www.standupca.org/court-rulings/california-indian-issues/Jul%2012%2C%201979%20Tillie%20Hardwick%20Complaint%20for%20Declaratory%20injunctive%20relief%20damages.pdf [bare URL PDF] [dead link]
  17. ^ Ish (20 July 1999). "NATIVE_NEWS: In Memory and Respect: Tillie Hardwick helped preserve Indian reservations". Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  18. ^ "Picayune Rancheria Wins Latest Round of Tillie Hardwick Litigation". Indian Country Today Media Network.com. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  19. ^ "Who We Are | Indian Affairs".
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i "ACCIP Termination Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  21. ^ "Indianz.Com > Decision awaited on Mishewal Wappo Tribe federal recognition". indianz.com. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  22. ^ PETER JENSEN (25 July 2013). "Judge hears arguments on Wappo recognition". Napa Valley Register. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  23. ^ MISHEWAL WAPPO TRIBE OF ALEXANDER VALLEY v. JEWELL, Case No. 5:09-cv-02502-EJD.
  24. ^ "U.S.C. Title 25 - INDIANS". Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  25. ^ http://www.standupca.org/off-reservation-gaming/contraversial-applications-in-process/big-sandy/Stip%20for%20Judgment%20in%20Big%20Sandy%20v.%20Watts.pdf [bare URL PDF] [dead link]
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q http://www.standupca.org/court-rulings/california-indian-issues/Hardwick.Stip%20for%20Entry%20of%20Judgment%201983.pdf [bare URL PDF] [dead link]
  27. ^ a b "Feds again back Mechoopda claim to land". 24 January 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  28. ^ "National Indian Law Library, Indian Law Bulletins, MECHOOPDA INDIAN TRIBE OF CHICO RANCHERIA v. SCHWARZENEGGER". Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  29. ^ "An introduction to The Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria". SFGate. 5 November 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  30. ^ "Introducing The Graton Rancheria Restoration Act". Capitol Words. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  31. ^ "Greg Sarris » How Did We Get Here?". greg-sarris.com. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  32. ^ "Supreme Court ruling impacts Richmond Indian casinos". Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  33. ^ a b http://www.standupca.org/off-reservation-gaming/contraversial-applications-in-process/guidiville-band-of-pomo-indians-of-california/Scotts%20Valley%20v%20USA%20stip%20judg.pdf[permanent dead link] [dead link]
  34. ^ "Smith v. United States, 515 F. Supp. 56 - CourtListener.com". CourtListener. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  35. ^ "Lytton tribe's casino helping preserve traditions". Sonoma West Publishers. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  36. ^ "Who are the Lyttons?". Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  37. ^ "California Casino Turns On Bingo Machines". Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  38. ^ a b "Tribe Stripped of Historical Recognition in Unusual Move". Indian Country Today Media Network.com. 23 March 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  39. ^ PUBLIC LAW 103-454; 108 STAT. 4791 (PDF), 2 November 1994.
  40. ^ "Duncan v. Andrus :: California Northern District Court :: Case No. 1 CA-CIV 3378". Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  41. ^ "DUNCAN v. UNITED STATES - Leagle.com". Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  42. ^ "DUNCAN v. UNITED STATES - Leagle.com". Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  43. ^ "Tribe looks to regain status Pakan'yani Maidu want re-establishment of federal recognition". Appeal-Democrat. 19 September 2002. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  44. ^ "Table Bluff Band of Indians v. Andrus, 532 F. Supp. 255 (N.D. Cal. 1981)". Justia Law. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  45. ^ Clifford M. Lewis, et al. v. Kenneth Lee Salazar, Secretary of the Interior and Clarence Jones, et al, 11-17301 (9th Cir. July 27, 2012).
  46. ^ http://sct.narf.org/documents/sanmanuelvnlrb/NLRB%20Order%20and%20Briefs/amicus_indian_tribes1.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  47. ^ "New casino structure goes up; job fairs planned". Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  48. ^ "Wilton Rancheria tribe buys Elk Grove building, seeks casino site - Sacramento Business Journal". Sacramento Business Journal. 19 June 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  49. ^ "Tribe Files Suit to Stop Impersonation". Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  50. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  51. ^ "'Rancherias' were set aside as refuge for Indians - Colfax Record". Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  52. ^ "Prout family sets sights on return to Colfax - Auburn Journal". Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  53. ^ "Maidu History". Tsi Akim Maidu - Educating Ourselves and Our Community. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  54. ^ "Maidu group poised to regain ownership of ancestral land". sacbee. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
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