The Licates (Gaulish: *Licatis 'those of the Licca' or 'those of the rock') were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the upper valley of the Lech river during the Iron Age and the Roman period.
Name edit
They are mentioned as Likátioi (Λικάτιοι; var. -ττ-) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD),[1] as Licates by Pliny (1st c. AD),[2] and as Likátoi (Λικάτοι) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD).[3][4]
The ethnic name Licates has been traditionally compared to the river name Licca (modern Lech), and translated as 'those of the Licca'. According to Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel, however, "the word formations of the ethnonym and hydronym suggest that they originated independently of each other, even though they both contain the same Celtic lexeme lic(c)a ('rock'). One would therefore assume that Licates simply denoted the 'rock dwellers' and thus inevitably represented a relatively old ethnic designation."[5]
Geography edit
The Licates lived in the upper valley of the Lech river (Licca).[6] Their territory was located east of the Estiones, north of the Genauni, west of the Cosuanetes.[7] They were part of the Vindelici.[8]
Their chief town, known as Damasia, has been identified with a fortified settlement in Auerberg, near modern Bernbeuren.[9] Its name stems from a Gaulish word for 'cow' or 'stag', damos.[10]
History edit
They are mentioned by Pliny the Elder as one of the Alpine tribes conquered by Rome in 16–15 BC, and whose name was engraved on the Tropaeum Alpium.[2]
Licates were still serving as auxiliary soldiers in the Roman army ca. 160 AD.[6]
References edit
- ^ Strabo. Geōgraphiká, 4:6:8.
- ^ a b Pliny. Naturalis Historia, 3:20.
- ^ Ptolemy. Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis, 2:12:4.
- ^ Falileyev 2010, s.v. Licates.
- ^ de Bernardo Stempel 2015, pp. 89–90.
- ^ a b Dietz 2006a.
- ^ Talbert 2000, Map 19: Raetia.
- ^ Schumacher, Dietz & Zanier 2007.
- ^ Dietz 2006b.
- ^ Delamarre 2003, p. 135.
Primary sources edit
- Pliny (1938). Natural History. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Rackham, H. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674993648.
- Strabo (1923). Geography. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Jones, Horace L. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674990562.
Bibliography edit
- de Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia (2015). "Zu den keltisch benannten Stämmen im Umfeld des oberen Donauraums". In Lohner-Urban, Ute; Scherrer, Peter (eds.). Der obere Donauraum 50 v. bis 50 n. Chr. Frank & Timme. ISBN 978-3-7329-0143-2.
- Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance. ISBN 9782877723695.
- Dietz, Karlheinz (2006a). "Licates". Brill's New Pauly. doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e704080.
- Dietz, Karlheinz (2006b). "Damasia". Brill's New Pauly. doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e310110.
- Falileyev, Alexander (2010). Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. CMCS. ISBN 978-0955718236.
- Schumacher, Stefan; Dietz, Karlheinz; Zanier, Werner (2007). "Vindeliker". In Beck, Heinrich (ed.). Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Vol. 35 (2 ed.). De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110187847.
- Talbert, Richard J. A. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691031699.