The Koza riot (コザ暴動, Koza bōdō) was a violent and spontaneous protest against the US military presence in Okinawa, which occurred on the night of December 20, 1970, into the morning of the following day. Roughly 5,000 Okinawans clashed with roughly 700 American MPs in an event which has been regarded as symbolic of Okinawan anger against 25 years of US military administration.[1][2] In the riot, approximately 60 Americans and 27 Okinawans were injured, 80 cars were burned, and several buildings on Kadena Air Base were destroyed or heavily damaged.[3][4]
| Part of Cold War | |
 A U.S. military serviceman stands near a burned Volkswagen Karmann Ghia in Koza, hours after the riot. | |
| Date | December 20, 1970 |
|---|---|
| Location | Koza, Okinawa |
| Cause | Vehicular accidents involving pedestrians, resulting in chain reaction escalation; tensions & discontent over US military presence |
| Participants | Okinawan people; American servicemen |
| Outcome | 56–60 American servicemembers and 27 Okinawans injured; 82 people arrested |
Background
editFollowing Japan's defeat in World War II, Japan came to be formally occupied by Allied forces and governed under martial law for roughly seven years. While the occupation of Japan came to an end and most of Japan regained its independence in April 1952, Okinawa Prefecture was to remain under US military occupation for another twenty years.
By 1970, it had already been decided and was widely known that the US military occupation of the Ryukyu Islands, of which Okinawa was the largest, was going to end in 1972, and that Okinawa would return to being a part of independent Japan, but also that a considerable US military presence was to remain. This came in the wake of a number of incidents between servicemen and Okinawan civilians over the years, including a hit-and-run accident in September 1970, only a few months prior to the riot, which resulted in the death of an Okinawan housewife from Itoman. The servicemen involved in that incident were acquitted at their court-martial.[5][6] This incident fueled the growing discontent of Okinawans with the standard status of forces that exempted US servicemen from Okinawan justice.[7]
The riot
editThe riot lasted seven or eight hours, beginning in the early morning hours of December 20, 1970, and continuing past dawn. It is said to have erupted spontaneously without any planning from tensions which had reached a breaking point.[5]
Around 1 o'clock that night, a car being driven by a drunk American serviceman hit a drunken Okinawan man, on a road near a major entertainment and red-light district in Koza (now called Okinawa City), a short distance from Kadena Air Force Base.[8] The Americans got out of their car and made sure the man was alright; he presently stood up and walked away. The four men were then about to get back into their car to leave the scene when they were confronted by a number of Okinawan taxi drivers who had witnessed the accident. A crowd began to form; some were shouting "no more acquittals", "Yankee go home" and "don’t insult Okinawans".[9]
Two American military police vehicles also arrived, sirens blaring. While the newly arrived MPs attempted to extricate their comrades from the situation, the crowd had the victim lie down where he'd been hit, and had him reenact the incident.[5] Many accounts emphasize that the newly arrived MPs ignored the man who had been hit, focusing only on extricating their countrymen.[10][11]
Another American car arriving on the scene accidentally struck one belonging to an Okinawan, and as passersby and people from the neighborhood stopped to get involved, the crowd grew to around 700, began to throw rocks and bottles, and attempted to turn over the car involved in the original accident. Okinawan police were able to remove the American driver safely from the scene, but the confrontation continued to escalate.[12]
Warning shots were fired, attracting a larger crowd, which soon numbered around five thousand; the number of MPs on the scene was now around 700. The rioters broke into, turned over, and torched over seventy cars, and continued to throw rocks and bottles, along with Molotov cocktails assembled in nearby homes, bars, restaurants, and other establishments. The rioters pulled American servicemen from their cars and beat them, then burned their cars. Some of the rioters danced traditional folk dances as the riot continued around them; others passed through the gate into the Air Force Base, overturning and torching cars, breaking windows, and destroying property. About 500 rioters then broke the fence of Kadena Air Base, and razed the military employment building and the offices of the Stars and Stripes newspaper. The MPs began to deploy tear gas.[5] The riot finally came to an end around 7 o'clock in the morning.[10] In the end, many were injured, including 60 Americans and 27 Okinawans, and 82 people were arrested.[4][13]
Popular culture references
editA song on the eponymous debut album of the Okinawa-based electronic duo Ryukyu Underground is entitled "Koza Riot".[14]
Notes
edit- ^ Kadekawa. p176.
- ^ "矛盾に満ちた住民対立/コザ騒動から30年 - 琉球新報 - 沖縄の新聞、地域のニュース". Ryukyushimpo.jp. Archived from the original on 2012-03-05. Retrieved 2013-06-17.
- ^ Mitchell, Jon, "Military policeman's 'hobby' documented 1970 Okinawa rioting Archived 2012-07-12 at the Wayback Machine", Japan Times, 17 December 2011, p. 12.
- ^ a b "第４部・南島サウンド行＜５＞コザ暴動 「人生をグチャグチャにされた」 支配への怒り臨界点に達し―連載". Nishinippon Shimbun. Archived from the original on 2013-05-01. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
- ^ a b c d Inoue. pp53-55.
- ^ "Koza hanbei sōdō". Okinawa konpakuto jiten (沖縄コンパクト事典, "Okinawa Compact Encyclopedia").
- ^ Aldous, p. 163
- ^ "Ex-MP revisits Okinawa's Koza Riot". JapanTimes. 8 January 2011. Retrieved 2013-08-02.
- ^ Aldous, p. 158
- ^ a b Shinzato. p243.
- ^ "沖縄市が「コザ反米騒動」資料入手/米国民政府、騒乱罪適用に消極的 - 琉球新報 - 沖縄の新聞、地域のニュース". Ryukyushimpo.jp. 2011-01-08. Archived from the original on 2013-11-06. Retrieved 2013-06-17.
- ^ Mitchell, Jon, "Ex-MP revisits Okinawa's Koza Riot", Japan Times, 8 January 2011, p. 12.
- ^ "沖縄タイムス |". Okinawatimes.co.jp. 2007-10-09. Archived from the original on 2012-03-14. Retrieved 2013-06-17.
- ^ "Ryukyu Underground at Discogs." Discogs.com. Accessed 14 September 2009.
References
edit- Mitchell, Jon, "Koza Remembered", The Japan Times, December 27, 2009, p. 7.
- Inoue, Masamichi S. Okinawa and the US Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.
- Kadekawa, Manabu (ed.). Okinawa chanpurū jiten (沖縄チャンプルー事典, "Okinawa Champloo Encyclopedia"). Tokyo: Yamakei Publishers, 2003.
- "Koza hanbei sōdō" (コザ反米騒動, "Koza Anti-American Riot"). Okinawa konpakuto jiten (沖縄コンパクト事典, "Okinawa Compact Encyclopedia"). Ryukyu Shimpo. 1 March 2003. Accessed 14 September 2009.
- Shinzato, Keiji et al. Okinawa-ken no rekishi (沖縄県の歴史, "History of Okinawa Prefecture"). Tokyo: Yamakawa Publishers, 1996.
- Christopher Aldous (2003). "'Mob rule' or popular activism? The Koza riot of December 1970 and the Okinawan search for citizenship". In Glen D. Hook; Richard Siddle (eds.). Japan and Okinawa: Structure and Subjectivity. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-29833-4.