Kinesiophobia is the fear of pain due to movement.
It is a term used in the context of rehabilitation medicine and physical therapy. Kinesiophobia is a factor that hinders rehabilitation and actually prolongs disability and pain.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
Kinesiophobia can be a factor in increased time to return to participation in pre-injury activities. It has been shown that higher levels of kinesiophobia are linked to a lack of re-entry into pre-injury activities.[8] There are a number of variables affecting return to sport following injuries or surgeries that are multifactorial. Psychological factors can influence the rate and ability of a person's return to sport or daily functional living. Psychological measures and tests that are commonly used to properly evaluate return to sport include the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK), the Incredibly Short Profile of Mood States (ISP), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC). These are just a small sample of different tests used to evaluate the mental status of the patient preoperative and postoperative. [9]
Research has been conducted to explore the level of association between kinesiophobia and pain in people with chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP). The evidence this study presents reveals that there is a connection between a greater degree of kinesiophobia and greater levels of pain intensity. The study has also found moderate evidence between a greater level of kinesiophobia and higher levels of pain severity and quality of life among people with CMP. These results suggest that clinicians should consider kinesiophobia as an important factor in their preliminary assessment of CMP patients [10]
Kinesiophobia can be measured by doing multiple tests for fear of falling, fear of pain, fear of movement-related pain, etc. There have been multiple studies for some of these fears and the best instruments that were used. The most common instruments that were used were TSK, PASS, and SAFFE. [11]
References edit
- ^ Vincent, HK; et al. (Jun 2013). "Outpatient rehabilitation outcomes in obese patients with orthopedic conditions". Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 49 (3): 419–29. PMID 23736903.
- ^ Czuppon, S; et al. (Mar 2014). ""Variables associated with return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction " a systematic review". Br J Sports Med. 48 (5): 356–64. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091786. PMC 3975129. PMID 24124040.
- ^ Flanigan, DC; et al. (Sep 2015). "Psychological Factors Affecting Rehabilitation and Outcomes Following Elective Orthopaedic Surgery". J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 23 (9): 563–70. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-14-00225. PMID 26195567. S2CID 2632397.
- ^ Monticone, M; et al. (2015). "Cognitive-behavioural treatment for subacute and chronic neck pain". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 (5): CD010664. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010664.pub2. hdl:2434/352344. PMC 8922276. PMID 26006174.
- ^ Zdziarski, LA; et al. (2015). ""Chronic pain management in the obese patient " a focused review of key challenges and potential exercise solutions". J Pain Res. 8: 63–77. doi:10.2147/JPR.S55360. PMC 4332294. PMID 25709495.
- ^ Smith, BE; et al. (2014). "An update of stabilisation exercises for low back pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis". BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 15: 416. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-416. PMC 4295260. PMID 25488399.
- ^ Urquhart, DM; et al. (Feb 2015). "Are cognitive and behavioural factors associated with knee pain? A systematic review". Semin Arthritis Rheum. 44 (4): 445–55. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2014.07.005. PMID 25151034.
- ^ Flanigan, David C.; Everhart, Joshua S.; Pedroza, Angela; Smith, Tyler; Kaeding, Christopher C. (August 2013). "Fear of reinjury (kinesiophobia) and persisten knee symptoms are common factors for lack of return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction". The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery. 29 (8): 1322–1329. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2013.05.015. PMID 23906272. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
- ^ Nwachukwu, Benedict U.; Adjei, Joshua; Rauck, Ryan C.; Chahla, Jorge; Okoroha, Kelechi R.; Verma, Nikhil N.; Allen, Answorth A.; Williams, Riley J. (2019-05-01). "How Much Do Psychological Factors Affect Lack of Return to Play After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction? A Systematic Review". Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 7 (5): 232596711984531. doi:10.1177/2325967119845313. ISSN 2325-9671. PMC 6537068. PMID 31205965.
- ^ Falla, Deborah; Martinez-Calderon, Javier; Luque-Suarez, Alejandro (2019-05-01). "Role of kinesiophobia on pain, disability and quality of life in people suffering from chronic musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 53 (9): 554–559. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-098673. ISSN 0306-3674. PMID 29666064.
- ^ Alpalhão, Vanessa; Cordeiro, Nuno; Pezarat-Correia, Pedro (October 2022). "Kinesiophobia and Fear Avoidance in Older Adults: A Systematic Review on Constructs and Related Measures". Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy. 45 (4): 207–214. doi:10.1519/JPT.0000000000000354. ISSN 1539-8412. PMID 35939664.