In triangle geometry, the Kiepert conics are two special conics associated with the reference triangle. One of them is a hyperbola, called the Kiepert hyperbola and the other is a parabola, called the Kiepert parabola. The Kiepert conics are defined as follows:

If the three triangles , and , constructed on the sides of a triangle as bases, are similar, isosceles and similarly situated, then the triangles and are in perspective. As the base angle of the isosceles triangles varies between and , the locus of the center of perspectivity of the triangles and is a hyperbola called the Kiepert hyperbola and the envelope of their axis of perspectivity is a parabola called the Kiepert parabola.

It has been proved that the Kiepert hyperbola is the hyperbola passing through the vertices, the centroid and the orthocenter of the reference triangle and the Kiepert parabola is the parabola inscribed in the reference triangle having the Euler line as directrix and the triangle center X110 as focus.[1] The following quote from a paper by R. H. Eddy and R. Fritsch is enough testimony to establish the importance of the Kiepert conics in the study of triangle geometry:[2]

"If a visitor from Mars desired to learn the geometry of the triangle but could stay in the earth's relatively dense atmosphere only long enough for a single lesson, earthling mathematicians would, no doubt, be hard-pressed to meet this request. In this paper, we believe that we have an optimum solution to the problem. The Kiepert conics ...."

Kiepert hyperbola edit

The Kiepert hyperbola was discovered by Ludvig Kiepert while investigating the solution of the following problem proposed by Emile Lemoine in 1868: "Construct a triangle, given the peaks of the equilateral triangles constructed on the sides." A solution to the problem was published by Ludvig Kiepert in 1869 and the solution contained a remark which effectively stated the locus definition of the Kiepert hyperbola alluded to earlier.[2]

Basic facts edit

Let   be the side lengths and   the vertex angles of the reference triangle  .

Equation edit

The equation of the Kiepert hyperbola in barycentric coordinates   is

 

Center, asymptotes edit

  • The centre of the Kiepert hyperbola is the triangle center X(115). The barycentric coordinates of the center are
 .

Properties edit

  1. The center of the Kiepert hyperbola lies on the nine-point circle. The center is the midpoint of the line segment joining the isogonic centers of triangle   which are the triangle centers X(13) and X(14) in the Encyclopedia of Triangle Centers.
  2. The image of the Kiepert hyperbola under the isogonal transformation is the Brocard axis of triangle   which is the line joining the symmedian point and the circumcenter.
  3. Let   be a point in the plane of a nonequilateral triangle   and let   be the trilinear polar of   with respect to  . The locus of the points   such that   is perpendicular to the Euler line of   is the Kiepert hyperbola.

Kiepert parabola edit

The Kiepert parabola was first studied in 1888 by a German mathematics teacher Augustus Artzt in a "school program".[2][3]

Basic facts edit

  • The equation of the Kiepert parabola in barycentric coordinates   is
 
where
 .
  • The focus of the Kiepert parabola is the triangle center X(110). The barycentric coordinates of the focus are
 
  • The directrix of the Kiepert parabola is the Euler line of triangle  .

Images edit

See also edit

External links edit

  • Weisstein, Eric W. "Kiepert Hyperbola". MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  • Weisstein, Eric W. "Kiepert Parabola". MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. Retrieved 5 February 2022.

References edit

  1. ^ Kimberling, C. "X(110)=Focus of Kiepert Parabola". Encyclopedia of Triangle Centers. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  2. ^ a b c Eddy, R. H. and Fritsch, R. (1994). "The Conics of Ludwig Kiepert: A Comprehensive Lesson in the Geometry of the Triangle". Math. Mag. 67 (3): 188–205. doi:10.1080/0025570X.1994.11996212.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Sharp, J. (2015). "Artzt parabolas of a triangle". The Mathematical Gazette. 99 (546): 444–463. doi:10.1017/mag.2015.81. S2CID 123814409.