The Kazym Rebellion (Russian: Казымское восстание) was a revolt by the Khanty people of western Siberia[1] against the collectivisation policies of the Soviet government in 1933. The revolt was named after the small town of Kazym in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. Some sources describe the events as "Kazym rebellions", listing a series of conflicts starting in 1931, with some half-hearted attempts at reconciliation from Soviet side, but culminating in forceful suppression in 1933 and repression in 1934.[2]
| Kazym rebellion | |||||||
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| Part of resistance to collectivization in the Soviet Union | |||||||
 An OGPU task force after an operation, March 1934 | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 Soviet Union | |||||||
History
edit
In the 1930s, the government established the new settlement of Kazym as a "cultural base". In theory, cultural bases were meant to entice the Khanty people into village life with the benefits of schools, hospitals, stores, and other communal conveniences. This effort to collectivise native peoples into manageable communities saw a great many Khanty abandoning their forest homes. Still others were relocated forcibly during the Joseph Stalin years. Additionally, compulsory attendance in boarding schools located in towns such as Kazym meant that Khanty children were removed from traditional homes and, for many years, were forbidden to speak their native tongue or follow their cultural beliefs.
This process went alongside the abduction and execution of traditional leaders who were labelled "kulaks" by the state. Eventually, there was a revolt in 1933 by many Khanty with support from the Forest Nenets, which was later known as the Kazym rebellion. The revolt began in the lake Numto area and spread to the town of Kazym. Within several weeks it was crushed by the Red Army, which was reported to have slaughtered dozens of villagers and burned their homes. This was the last known conflict between the Siberian tribes and Russia.[3]
After that, anyone who participated in the Bear Funeral Rites or other celebrations of Khanty culture was subject to 10 years imprisonment. Bear hunting was forbidden, and anything connected with Khant culture, such as sacred ground, pagan shrines or burial grounds were destroyed.[4]
These laws were only relaxed during the 1980s as part of the glasnost policies of Mikhail Gorbachev.
In literature and cinema
editYeremey Aypin, a Khanty writer, wrote a novel titled Our Lady in the blood-splattered snow (Russian: «Божья матерь в кровавых снегах»), which was published in 2002 and served as a basis for a movie named The Khanty Saga (Russian: "Сага о Хантах") produced in 2008.[5] The novel is a fictionalized version of the rebellion.
See also
edit- Mandalada, revolt by the Nenets people during the Soviet period
References
edit- ^ KHANTS or Ostyaks
- ^ Казымские восстания 1931 - 1934 гг. - Kazym rebellions of 1931-1934.
- ^ Pimanov A.S., Piyukov A.N. Unrest of the indigenous population in Kazym in 1930-1933 // Yearbook of the Tyumen Regional Museum of Local Lore. 1998. - Tyumen, 1994.
- ^ [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610073601/https://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s6734.html The Tenacity of Ethnicity: A Siberian Saga in Global Perspective]
- ^ Актер Русского театра снялся в киносаге о хантах[permanent dead link]- 08.12.2008, Finno-Ugor national center.