Kata Farm (Swedish: Kata Gård) is the remains of a large Viking-age farming estate, located in Varnhem, Västra Götaland. The ruins include a crypt dated to the late 10th century A.D., which could make it the oldest Christian church in Sweden.[1]
History edit
Until recently, Sweden was considered to have begun its Christianisation in the year 1000, when the king Olof Skötkonung was baptised by the English missionary-bishop Sigfrid of Sweden. The name Kata Farm derives from one of its presumed owners, a woman named Kata, who lived in the early 11th century A.D., and whose grave has been found on the grounds.
The original church built on the estate in the late 10th century was made of wood. It was later replaced with a larger church building, made of stone.[2] It is evident that builders from outside of Västergötland – most likely from Denmark, Germany, and England – erected the stone structure, as such building methods were not known in Sweden at the time. This may however have started a trend in Västergötland to build churches of stone, as these proliferate from the 11th century onwards. Churches at the time were built on private estates, and were a sign of the wealth and power of the landowners.
The 4,000 square metres (43,000 sq ft) cemetery, created around the same time the wooden church was built, contains thousands of graves. The landowner families were placed closest to the church, whilst servants and thralls were buried on the outskirts. Men were buried south of the church, women to the north. The wealthy were buried in limestone or wooden coffins, the poor were put straight in the ground.[3] The bodies were buried with the feet to east, according to christian tradition. The oldest remains where dated with the carbon14-method to the 10th century, which pre-dates them and the church more than a 100 years before the arceologists previous knowledge about this area. This means that there where people living here as early as in the viking age, and that they were christians living in a small society. This discovery changes the known history of this area completely, and the history books in the school now need to be re-written.
Excavations of the hill near Varnhem Abbey started in 2005 and continued for 12 years. The artefacts found during the digs are on display at the Museum of Västergötland in Skara. It is clear that the estate was once very powerful and internationally well-connected, as ancient Roman and English coins have been found,[3] as well as skeletons of greyhounds, a status symbol in ancient Rome but very unusual at northern latitudes.
Kata's grave, sealed with an engraved runestone bearing a cross, was discovered just north of the church.[4] In close proximity, another grave containing a man has been found. It is believed that this is Kata's husband Kättil, who had the runestone made for his wife. The inscription reads: "Kätill made this stone after Kata his wife sister of Torgil".[5]
The last private owner of the Varnhem Estate was Mistress Sigrid, related to then-queen Kristina Björnsdotter of the House of Stenkil. Mistress Sigrid donated the estate to the church, in order to establish a Cistercian monastery on the premises.[2] The stone church was included in the donation to the monks, but as they built their own, much larger church, it was instead used for other purposes such as storage and crafts. It was probably demolished some time during the Middle Ages, and the stone walls were transported and used elsewhere.
A large hall has been erected over the crypt, with a glass floor allowing visitors to view the crypt and Kata's grave. Officially inaugurated on 7 May 2017, the spacious hall also features the exhibition Christian Vikings in Varnhem, as well as scale models of both the wooden and stone churches. Despite lacking walls, the superstructure protects the ruins from damage from sun and rain.[6] The site was nominated for the 2018 World Architecture Festival World Building of the Year award.[7]
See also edit
- Axevalla House (castle ruins)
- List of runestones
References edit
- ^ "Kata Farm in Varnhem". ArchDaily. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
- ^ a b "Fru Sigrids gård i Varnhem" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 May 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
- ^ a b Kristna Vikingar I Varnhem vastsverige.com
- ^ "Kata – rekonstruktion av en vikingatida kvinna". 27 May 2015. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
- ^ Dahlberg, M. (1998). Skaratraktens kyrkor under äldre medeltid. Skaraborgs Länsmuseum Skara: Skrifter från Skaraborgs Länsmuseum (in Swedish). Skaraborgs länsmuseum. p. 67. ISBN 978-91-85884-93-3. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
Ett stycke sydost om klosterkyrkan i Varnhem påträffades 1884 en rektangulär lockhäll av sandsten. ... som löper kring hällens kanthuggning och även viker upp längs korsstammen, har tolkats: "Kättil gjorde denna sten efter Kata, sin hustru, ...
- ^ "Överbyggnaden". 27 May 2015. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
- ^ Block, India (27 June 2018). "WAF World Building of the Year 2018 shortlist announced". De Zeen. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2018.