John Franklin Daniel III (born Ann Arbor, Michigan 1911; died Gordion, Turkey December 17, 1948) was an American archaeologist, known for his work on deciphering the Cypro-Minoan script.
John Franklin Daniel III | |
|---|---|
| Born | |
| Died | December 17, 1948 |
| Nationality | American |
| Title | Professor of Classical Archaeology |
| Spouse | Ellen Alix DuPoy Taylor |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | University of Pennsylvania |
Career edit
Daniel was involved in the archaeological excavations at Kourion from 1934 to 1939,[1] and also took part in the excavations at Tarsus led by Hetty Goldman. His studies led him to travel extensively in Germany, France, Greece and Turkey.[2]
Daniel began working at the University of Pennsylvania in 1940 and obtained his PhD in Greek at the university in 1941. During these years he engaged in excavations for the university on the island of Cyprus.[3]
Espionage during WWII edit
Daniel left the university in 1942 to join the Greek desk of the Office of Strategic Services, an intelligence agency that was a predecessor to the CIA. The agency used archaeology as a cover to conduct espionage and assist the war effort.[4] Daniel's background in linguistics made him a natural cryptographer, and he was already familiar with the strategically important island of Cyprus.[5] Daniel helped to establish the Greek Desk with its founder, Rodney Young, and James H. Oliver. He eventually ran the OSS base in Cyprus, an important hub for the flow of intelligence in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations.[6]
Post-war archaeological career edit
The young Daniel rapidly ascended as a prominent authority in Mediterranean archaeology. He was appointed as curator of the Mediterranean section of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology in 1946, and became chief editor of the American Journal of Archaeology in 1947.[7] The following year, he was appointed as Professor of Classical Archaeology at University of Pennsylvania.[2]
Daniel met Alice Kober in 1941 at the Archaeological Institute of America, while delivering a presentation on the Bronze Age Kourion. The two became lifelong friends, and collaborated on deciphering the Cypro-Minoan syllabary.[8] Daniel's work in this area helped to establish new methodologies for decryption of ancient languages.[9]
Death and legacy edit
On December 17, 1948 Daniel set out with Rodney Young to scout a new archaeological site in Turkey, now known as Gordion. While scouting the site in a jeep with Young, Daniel became suddenly ill, and was pronounced dead at a hospital in Antalya. His death has been suggested as a possible heart attack or aneurysm. Daniel's assistant, the archaeologist Ellen Kohler believed that foul play was involved in his death.[5] Sara Anderson Immerwahr, a colleague and friend of Daniel, later stated that she believed he had been poisoned as a consequence of his espionage activities.[8]
His death came as a surprise to the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, and he was memorialized in an obituary in the American Journal of Archaeology.[10] Rodney Young subsequently took up Daniel's work at Gordion and Cyprus.[11] After his death, Daniel's work became obscure again until the 1980s, when it was reassessed and praised by contemporary archaeologists.[8]
Selected publications edit
- Prolegomena to the Cypro-Minoan Script
See also edit
References edit
- ^ McFadden, George H. (1938). "Excavations at Kourion". Expedition Magazine. Vol. 7.
- ^ a b Dyson, Stephen L.; Dyson, Stephen L. (1998). Ancient Marbles to American Shores: Classical Archaeology in the United States. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 237–239. ISBN 978-0-8122-3446-6.
- ^ Biers, Jane C.; Soren, David (1981). Studies in Cypriote Archaeology. Institute of Archaeology, University of California. ISBN 978-0-917956-23-2.
- ^ "John Franklin Daniel III: The Director Who Never Was". www.penn.museum. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
- ^ a b Allen, Susan H. (2011-10-05). Classical Spies: American Archaeologists with the OSS in World War II Greece. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-02766-8.
- ^ Despina Lalaki (2013). "Soldiers of Science-Agents of Culture: American Archaeologists in the Office of Strategic Services (OSS)". Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. 82 (1): 179. doi:10.2972/hesperia.82.1.0179. ISSN 0018-098X. S2CID 157287400.
- ^ Cohen, Getzel M.; Joukowsky, Martha Sharp (2010-06-02). Breaking Ground: Pioneering Women Archaeologists. University of Michigan Press. p. 333. ISBN 978-0-472-02536-7.
- ^ a b c crewsproject (2019-07-18). "A Tale of Two Scholars, and the Center for Minoan Linguistic Research that never came to exist". Retrieved 2020-06-25.
- ^ Cline, Eric H. (2012-01-01). The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean. Oxford University Press. p. 374. ISBN 978-0-19-024075-2.
- ^ S., M. H. (1948). "John Franklin Daniel III, 1910-1948". American Journal of Archaeology. 52 (1). ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 500546.
- ^ "Expedition Magazine - Penn Museum". www.penn.museum. Retrieved 2020-06-25.