John Calvin believed that Scripture is necessary for human understanding of God's revelation, that it is the equivalent of direct revelation, and that it is both "majestic" and "simple." Calvin's general, explicit exposition of his view of Scripture is found mainly in his Institutes of the Christian Religion.[1]
Necessity
editCalvin viewed Scripture as necessary in two ways. First, he held that general revelation cannot in itself give humanity a saving knowledge of God. Although he can be known in some ways through creation he has "added the light of his Word in order that he might make himself known unto salvation."[2] Calvin compares Scripture to being like a pair of spectacles, that enable us to properly interpret what we see in creation:[3]
For as the aged, or those whose sight is defective, when any book, however fair, is set before them, though they perceive that there is something written, are scarcely able to make out two consecutive words, but, when aided by glasses, begin to read distinctly, so Scripture, gathering together the impressions of Deity, which, till then, lay confused in our minds, dissipates the darkness, and shows us the true God clearly.[2]
Second, Calvin held that inscripturation is necessary to avoid the errors inherent in oral transmission:[4]
For if we reflect how prone the human mind is to lapse into forgetfulness of God, how readily inclined to every kind of error, how bent every now and then on devising new and fictitious religions, it will be easy to understand how necessary it was to make such a depository of doctrine as would secure it from either perishing by the neglect, vanishing away amid the errors, or being corrupted by the presumptuous audacity of men.[5]
Authority
editCalvin viewed Scripture as being equivalent to an utterance of God given from heaven:[6]
Since no daily responses are given from heaven, and the Scriptures are the only records in which God has been pleased to consign his truth to perpetual remembrance, the full authority which they ought to possess with the faithful is not recognised, unless they are believed to have come from heaven, as directly as if God had been heard giving utterance to them.[7]
According to Calvin, Word and Spirit must always go together.[8] Scripture gives us a saving knowledge of God, but only when its certainty is "founded on the inward persuasion of the Holy Spirit."[9] It is "foolish to attempt to prove to infidels that the Scripture is the Word of God," since this can only be known by faith.[9] Nevertheless, he did see a place for evidences of Scripture's authority, as long it is recognised that they are secondary:
The human testimonies which go to confirm it will not be without effect, if they are used in subordination to that chief and highest proof, as secondary helps to our weakness.[9]
The "chief and highest proof" being, of course, the testimony of the Holy Spirit,[10] though Calvin does not say that the inward testimony of the Holy Spirit is the source of this authority. John Murray has suggested that the distinction between the authority intrinsic to Scripture, and our persuasion that it is authoritative is not "as clearly formulated in Calvin as we might desire."[11]
Character
editCalvin viewed Scripture as being both majestic[12] and simple.[13] According to Ford Lewis Battles, Calvin had discovered that "sublimity of style and sublimity of thought were not coterminous."[14]
Majesty
editCalvin believed that Scripture possesses "a divine majesty which will subdue our presumptuous opposition, and force us to do it homage."[15] It speaks with a unified voice, and its parts make up a perfect harmony:
How admirably the system of divine wisdom contained in it is arranged—how perfectly free the doctrine is from every thing that savours of earth—how beautifully it harmonises in all its parts—and how rich it is in all the other qualities which give an air of majesty to composition.[16]
Simplicity
editScripture, according to Calvin, also has an "unpolished simplicity". It is not particularly eloquent, for that would detract from its message:
The sublime mysteries of the kingdom of heaven have for the greater part been delivered with a contemptible meanness of words. Had they been adorned with a more splendid eloquence, the wicked might have cavilled, and alleged that this constituted all their force. But now, when an unpolished simplicity, almost bordering on rudeness, makes a deeper impression than the loftiest flights of oratory, what does it indicate if not that the Holy Scriptures are too mighty in the power of truth to need the rhetorician’s art?[16]
See also
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References
editCitations
edit- ^
- De Boer, E. A. (2004). John Calvin on the Visions of Ezekiel: Historical and Hermeneutical Studies in John Calvin's "Sermons Inâedits", Especially on Ezek. 36-48. Brill. p. 111. ISBN 9004131833.
Calvin unfolds his doctrine of Scripture in Inst., Book I...
- Donald K. McKim (17 June 2004). The Cambridge Companion to John Calvin. Cambridge University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-521-01672-8.
...Calvin's purpose with the Institutes was different from what it was in 1536. This difference in purpose has to do with the distinction he made between the Institutes and a commentary. ... In the letter preceding the Institutes of 1539, Calvin says that in a commentary he limits himself to the exposition of Scripture without giving a lengthy discussion of doctrinal matters. In the Institutes, however, he does go into doctrinal topics...
- R. Ward Holder (2006). John Calvin and the Grounding of Interpretation: Calvin's First Commentarties. BRILL. p. 75. ISBN 90-04-14926-0.
Calvin's over-arching theological enterprise revolved around two poles. The first is the Institutes, a summary of Christian doctrine and guide to the scriptures. The second was the collection of specific efforts at explication of the Bible, sermons, lectures, and commentaries.
- De Boer, E. A. (2004). John Calvin on the Visions of Ezekiel: Historical and Hermeneutical Studies in John Calvin's "Sermons Inâedits", Especially on Ezek. 36-48. Brill. p. 111. ISBN 9004131833.
- ^ a b "John Calvin: Institutes of the Christian Religion – Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
- ^ Lischer, Richard (2002). The Company of Preachers: Wisdom on Preaching, Augustine to the Present. Eerdmans. p. 362. ISBN 9780802846099.
Using his famous figure of the spectacles, [Calvin] portrays the revealed word as bringing the universal revelation of God into focus.
- ^ Murray, John. "Calvin's Doctrine of Scripture," in Collected Writings, Vol. IV, p. 162.
- ^ "John Calvin: Institutes of the Christian Religion – Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
- ^ Parker, Thomas Henry Louis (1995). Calvin: An Introduction to His Thought. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 23. ISBN 9780664256029.
- ^ "John Calvin: Institutes of the Christian Religion – Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
- ^ van 't Spijker, W. (2009). Calvin: A Brief Guide to His Life and Thought. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 133. ISBN 9780664232252.
- ^ a b c "John Calvin: Institutes of the Christian Religion – Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
- ^ Kärkkäinen 2010, p. 170.
- ^ Murray, John. Calvin on Scripture and Divine Sovereignty (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1978), 44.
- ^ de Kroon, Marijn (2002). The Honour of God and Human Salvation: Calvin's Theology According to His Institutes. Continuum. p. 21. ISBN 9780567087799.
- ^ Van Den Belt, Henk (2008). The Authority of Scripture in Reformed Theology: Truth and Trust. Brill. p. 25. ISBN 978-9004163072.
- ^ Battles, Ford Lewis. "God Was Accommodating Himself to Human Capacity," in Donald McKim (ed.) Readings in Calvin's Theology (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1984), 38.
- ^ "John Calvin: Institutes of the Christian Religion – Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
- ^ a b "John Calvin: Institutes of the Christian Religion – Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
Sources
edit- Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti, ed. (2010). Holy Spirit and Salvation: The Sources of Christian Theology. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664231361.