Johari–Goldstein relaxation, also known as the JG β-relaxation, is a universal property of glasses and certain other disordered materials. Proposed in 1969 [1] by Martin Goldstein, JG β-relaxation were described as a secondary relaxation mechanism required to explain the viscosity behavior of liquids approaching the glass transition in the potential energy landscape picture presented in Goldstein's seminal 1969 paper. Previous experiments on glass forming liquids showed multiple relaxation times present in liquids measured by time dependent compliance measurements.[2] Gyan Johari and Martin Goldstein[3] measured the dielectric loss spectrum of a set of rigid glass forming molecules to further test the hypothesis of Goldstein in 1969. The relaxation, a peak in mechanical or dielectric loss at a particular frequency, had previously been attributed to a type of molecular flexibility. [citation needed] The fact that such a loss peak shows up in glasses of rigid molecules lacking this flexibility demonstrated its universal character.
The JG β-relaxation process is speculated to be a precursor of the structural α-relaxation,[4][5] i.e., its occurrence facilitates viscous flow, however the microscopic mechanism of the β-relaxation has not been definitively identified.[6]
Evidence for the universality and importance of the J. G. β-relaxation edit
Johari determined the temperature dependence of the α-relaxation and β-relaxation as a function of frequency by measuring the dielectric loss ε″ as a function of frequency at multiple temperatures.[7] They observed two peaks in the system with the lower frequency peak attributed to the structural α-relaxation and the higher frequency peak related to the fast (high frequency short time) β-relaxation. The peak in the high frequency ε″ response of the β-relaxation has also been shown to broaden and shift to lower frequencies. Furthermore, the α-relaxation peak changes more rapidly on cooling than the rate of JG β-relaxation, where the α-relaxation times diverge following the VFT law as glass transition temperature (Tg) is approached which is much faster than the Arrhenius temperature dependence observed for the peak in the β-relaxation curve over the same temperature ranges.[7]
Relation to other relaxation mechanism edit
The J.G. β-relaxation was developed based on the theoretical predictions of Martin Goldstein in his seminal 1969 paper discussing the potential energy landscape picture and activated energy barrier hopping for viscous liquids.[1] These developments have often focused on understanding secondary relaxations below Tg that are present in small molecule and metallic glasses. Polymer glasses also show multiple relaxation mechanisms at temperatures below Tg, with β, γ, and δ relaxations having been measured well below Tg into the glassy state.[8] However, the exact molecular mechanism for these relaxations is often subject to debate and how they may relate to J. G β-relaxations is not established by the literature.
References edit
- ^ a b Goldstein M (1969). "Viscous Liquids and the Glass Transition: A Potential Energy Barrier Picture". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 31 (9): 3728–3739. Bibcode:1969JChPh..51.3728G. doi:10.1063/1.1672587.
- ^ Tobolsky AV, Taylor RB (November 1963). "Viscoelastic properties of a simple organic glass". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 67 (11): 2439–42. doi:10.1021/j100805a044.
- ^ Goldstein M (1970). "Viscous Liquids and the Glass Transition. II. Secondary Relaxations in Glasses of Rigid Molecules". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 53 (6): 2372–2388. Bibcode:1970JChPh..53.2372J. doi:10.1063/1.1674335.
- ^ Ngai KL (1998-10-22). "Relation between some secondary relaxations and the α relaxations in glass-forming materials according to the coupling model". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 109 (16): 6982–6994. Bibcode:1998JChPh.109.6982N. doi:10.1063/1.477334. ISSN 0021-9606.
- ^ Ngai KL (2011). Relaxation and Diffusion in Complex Systems. Bibcode:2011rdcs.book.....N. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7649-9. ISBN 978-1-4419-7648-2.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - ^ Caporaletti F, Capaccioli S, Valenti S, Mikolasek M, Chumakov AI, Monaco G (October 2019). "A microscopic look at the Johari-Goldstein relaxation in a hydrogen-bonded glass-former". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 14319. Bibcode:2019NatSR...914319C. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50824-7. PMC 6778113. PMID 31586113.
- ^ a b Johari GP (1973-02-15). "Intrinsic mobility of molecular glasses". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 58 (4): 1766–1770. Bibcode:1973JChPh..58.1766J. doi:10.1063/1.1679421.
- ^ Greiner R, Schwarzl FR (July 1984). "Thermal contraction and volume relaxation of amorphous polymers". Rheologica Acta. 23 (4): 378–395. doi:10.1007/BF01329190. S2CID 98272458.
Further reading edit
- Vij JK, Power G (2011). "Physical ageing and the Johari–Goldstein relaxation in molecular glasses". Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 357 (3): 783–792. Bibcode:2011JNCS..357..783V. doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2010.07.067.
- Johari GP, Goldstein M (September 1970). "Viscous liquids and the glass transition. II. Secondary relaxations in glasses of rigid molecules". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 53 (6): 2372–88. Bibcode:1970JChPh..53.2372J. doi:10.1063/1.1674335.
External links edit
- "Is the Johari-Goldstein β-relaxation universal?".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Aging of the Johari-Goldstein relaxation in the glass-forming liquids sorbitol and xylitol
- Interdependence of Primary and Johari-Goldstein Secondary Relaxations in Glass-Forming Systems
- Merging of The α and β relaxations and aging via the Johari–Goldstein modes in rapidly quenched metallic glasses