Conflicts in the Horn of Africa have been occurring since the 17th century BCE. The Horn of Africa includes the nations of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.
Ancient
edit- Invasion of Ancient Egypt by the Kingdom of Kush and the Land of Punt (17th century BC).[1][2]
Medieval and Early Modern
edit- Ifat's conquest of Makhzumi (c. 1285)
- Conquests of Emperor Amda Seyon I (1314–1344)
- Battle of Gomit (1445) between the Ethiopian Empire and the Adal Sultanate
- Somali–Portuguese conflicts (1505–1543)
- Ethiopian–Adal War (1529–1559)
- Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)
- Ottoman conquest of Habesh (1554/1557–1589)
- Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1586–1589)
- Gobroon–Bardera War (late 18th century)
- British expedition to Abyssinia (1867–1868)
- Egyptian–Ethiopian War (1874–1876)
- Egyptian invasion of the Eastern Horn of Africa (1874–1885)
- Menelik's Invasions (1878–1904)
- Mahdist War (1881–1899)
- Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889 between the Italy and the Ethiopia
- Banadir resistance (1888–1924) between Italy and Somali rebels
- First Italo-Ethiopian War (1895–1896) between the Italy and the Ethiopia
Early 20th century
edit- Somaliland campaign (1899–1920) against the United Kingdom, Italy, Ethiopia, and other Somalis
- Battle of Segale (1916) in Ethiopia
- 1922 Burao tax revolt (1922) between Habar Yoonis tribesmen and the United Kingdom
- Abyssinia Crisis (1935) between Ethiopia and Italy
- Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935–1936) between the Kingdom of Italy and the Ethiopian Empire
- World War II
- East African campaign (1940–1941) of Italy against the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth of Nations, Belgium and Ethiopia
- Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia (1941–1943)
- 1945 Sheikh Bashir rebellion (1945) between Habr Je'lo tribesmen and the United Kingdom
Cold War
edit- Eritrean War of Independence (1961–1991), between Eritrean liberation fronts (primarily the EPLF and early on also the ELF) and the Ethiopian Empire (1961–1974) and Marxist Derg-ruled Ethiopia (1974–1991)
- 1961 revolt in Somalia
- Somali–Kenyan conflict (from 1963)
- Shifta War (1963–1967), separatist insurgency by ethnic Somalis in Kenya
- Eritrean Civil Wars (1972–1974;1980–1981) between the EPLF and ELF
- Ethiopian Civil War (1974–1991), between the Derg and various rebel groups; included the Red Terror
- Oromo conflict (from 1973)
- Ogaden War (1977–1978) between Ethiopia and Somalia
- Somaliland War of Independence (1981-1991), between the Somali National Movement and Somalia
- Ethiopian–Somali Border War (1982)
Post-Cold War
edit- Somali Civil War (1991–present)
- Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994)
- Hanish Islands conflict (1995) between Yemen and Eritrea
- Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018)
- Insurgency in Ogaden (1995–2018)
- Eritrean–Ethiopian War (1998–2000)
- Puntland-Somaliland dispute (1998–present)
- Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict (2008)
- Gedeo– Guji clashes (1995–2018)
- Oromia–Somali clashes (2016–2018)
- Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)
- Oromo conflict (1973–present)
- OLA insurgency (2018–present)
- Tigray War (2020–2022)
- Benishangul-Gumuz conflict (2019–2022)
- Afar–Somali clashes (2020–present)
- War in Amhara (2023–present)
- Oromo conflict (1973–present)
- Al-Fashaga conflict (2020–2022)
- Al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia (2022)
See also
edit- Political history of Eastern Africa (for ancient, medieval, and early modern conflicts)
- History of Djibouti
- History of Eritrea
- History of Ethiopia
- History of Somalia
References
edit- ^ Rohl, David (2010-04-06). The Lords Of Avaris. Random House. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-4070-1092-2.
- ^ GRADY, ELLEN (2021-12-30). EGYPT GUIDEBOOK-Volume 2: A Traveller's Guide to the Land of History and Mystery. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-68538-983-3.