HMS Esperance was launched in America in 1781, and is first listed in Lloyd's Register in 1784 under the name Clementina. She then served as a slave ship, sailing out of Liverpool on two slave trading voyages. In 1786 Brent and Co. purchased her, renamed her Ellis, and sailed her for three more voyages as a slaver. In 1793 she became the privateer Ellis. The French captured her, then the Spanish, and then the French recaptured her. After returning to French ownership, she became the French corvette Esperance. The Royal Navy captured her in 1795 and took her into service as HMS Esperance. Thus, in her career, Esperance had changed hands six times.[1] She was sold in 1798.
| History | |
|---|---|
| America | |
| Builder | American |
| Launched | 1781 |
| Fate | Sold 1784 |
 Great Britain | |
| Name | Clementina |
| Owner |
|
| Acquired | 1784 |
| Renamed | Ellis |
| Captured | July 1793 |
 France | |
| Name | Elize |
| Acquired | July 1793 by capture |
| Captured | Summer 1793 |
.svg){kind=small} Spain | |
| Acquired | Summer 1793 by capture |
| Captured | November 1793 |
| France | |
| Acquired | November 1793 by capture |
| Renamed | Esperance |
| Captured | 8 January 1795 |
 Great Britain | |
| Name | HMS Esperance |
| Acquired | 8 January 1795 by capture |
| Fate | Sold 7 June 1798 |
| General characteristics [1] | |
| Type | Ship-sloop |
| Displacement | 400 tons (French)[2] |
| Tons burthen | 280, or 300, or 3259⁄94,[1] or 333, or 345[3](bm) |
| Propulsion | Sails |
| Complement | |
| Armament | |
Early history edit
The vessel that became Esperance was built in America and launched in 1781, probably under the name Clementina. She first appeared in Lloyd's Register in 1783.
1st slave trading voyage (1783–1784): Captain John Elworthy sailed from Liverpool on 19 September 1783. Clementina acquired her slaves in Congo North and arrived at Charleston on 29 March 1784 with 440 slaves. She sailed from Charleston on 2 July 1784 and arrived back at Liverpool on 5 August 1784. She had left Liverpool with 42 crew members and she suffered seven crew deaths on her voyage.[4]
2nd slave trading voyage (1784–1785): Captain Elworthy sailed from Liverpool on 7 December 1784. Clementina acquired her slaves at Bonny and arrived at Kingston, Jamaica on 3 June 1785 with 422. She sailed from Kingston on 24 July and arrived back at Liverpool on 16 September. She had left Liverpool with 44 crew members and she suffered 19 crew deaths on the voyage.[5]
In 1786 Bent & Co. purchased Clementina and renamed her Ellis, presumably after Ellis Bent, one of her owners. She remained in the slave trade.
3rd slave trading voyage (1786–1788): Captain John Ford sailed from Liverpool on 19 April 1786. Ellis acquired her slaves at Calabar and delivered then to Grenada. She arrived at Grenada on 4 April 1788 with 33 slaves. She left Grenada on 19 May and arrived back at Liverpool on 24 June. She had left Liverpool with 50 crew members and suffered 20 crew deaths over her journey of 716 days.[6]
Between her return and her next voyage, Ellis was almost completely rebuilt, and from the change in subsequent reports of her burthen, enlarged.
4th slave trading voyage (1789–1791): Captain Joseph Matthews sailed from Liverpool on 3 June 1789 and arrived in Africa on 8 October. Ellis gathered her slaves first at Cape Coast Castle and then at Anomabu. She arrived at the island of St Vincent with 389 slaves, and landed 380. At some point Captain Thomas Given replaced Matthews as he was her master when she arrived at St Vincent. Ellis sailed from St Vincent on 17 February 1791 and arrived back at Liverpool on 30 March. She had left Liverpool with 42 crew members and she suffered five crew deaths on her voyage.[7]
5th slave trading voyage (1791–1792): Captain Given sailed from Liverpool on 29 June 1791 and arrived in Africa on 24 August. She gathered her slaves at Bonny and sailed from Africa on 11 November. She arrived at Montego Bay on 5 January 1792. She had embarked 400 slaves and arrived with 346. She sailed from Montego Bay on 6 February and arrived back at Liverpool on 24 March. She had left Liverpool with 30 crew embers and suffered four crew deaths on her voyage.[8] There is a parallel record, also for 1791–1792, that Ellis under the command of Thomas Heart, and with the same itinerary. It, however, records Ellis as embarking 464 slaves and arriving with 455.[9] There is no evidence in Lloyd's List's ship arrival and departure data for the period of any vessel with Heart, master.
The history of Clementina/Ellis, as outlined in Lloyd's Register is at the end of the article in the section Lloyd's Register. The entries in Lloyd's Register are broadly consistent with respect to masters' names and years with those from the database on slave voyages.
In 1793, Bent & Co. decided to use Ellis as a privateer. Ellis, with John Levingston as master, received a letter of marque on 3 June 1793.[3]
Three times captured (1793) edit
The French frigate Gracieuse, under the command of Captain Chevillard, captured Ellis on 22 July 1793.[10][11]
The French took her into service as Elise.[1] Later that summer the Spanish captured her.[1] In November ownership returned to the French who renamed her Esperance.[1][12]
On 8 June 1794, Esperance arrived in Jacmel, Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti), from France with the official proclamation of the abolition of slavery,[13][14] which Léger-Félicité Sonthonax, as one of the Civil Commissioners of Saint-Domingue, had already unilaterally declared for the French colony the year before amid a slave rebellion and attacks from British and Spanish forces. Ironically, Esperance also brought the news to the Civil Commissioners that the National Convention had impeached them on 16 July 1793 and ordered them to return promptly to France.[14][15][16][a]
Capture (1795) edit
On 8 January 1795, Argonaut, under the command of Captain Alexander John Ball, captured Esperance on the North America station.[18] Esperance was armed with 22 guns (4 and 6-pounders), and had a crew of 130 men. She was under the command of lieutenant de vaisseau De St. Laurent and had been out 56 days from Rochfort, bound for the Chesapeake. Argonaut shared the prize money with Oiseau, under Captain Robert Murray.[19]
The French ambassador to the United States registered a complaint with the President of the United States that Argonaut, by entering Lynnhaven bay, either before she captured Esperance or shortly thereafter, had violated a treaty between France and the United States.[20] The French also accused the British of having brought Esperance into Lynnhaven for refitting for a cruise. The President passed the complaint to the Secretary of State, who forwarded the complaint to the Governor of Virginia. The Governor inquired into the matter of the British Consul at Virginia.[20] The British Consul replied that the capture had taken place some 10 leagues off shore. The weather had forced Argonaut and her prize to shelter within the Chesapeake for some days, but that they had left as soon as practicable. Furthermore, Argonaut had paroled her French prisoners when she came into Lynnhaven, and if she had entered American territorial waters solely to parole her French prisoners no one would have thought that objectionable.[21] The authorities in Virginia took a number of depositions but ultimately nothing further came of the matter.
edit
Because she was captured in good order and sailed well, Rear Admiral George Murray, the British commander in chief of the North American station, put a British crew aboard and sent Esperance out on patrol with Lynx, under the command of John Poo Beresford, on 31 January.[18]
On 1 March the two vessels captured the Cocarde Nationale (or National Cockade), a privateer from Charleston, South Carolina, of 14 guns, six swivels and 80 men. Esperance and Lynx recaptured the ship Norfolk, of Belfast, and the brig George, of Workington.[18]
On 20 July, Esperance, in company with the frigates Thetis and Hussar, intercepted the American vessel Cincinnatus, of Wilmington, sailing from Ireland to Wilmington. They pressed many men on board, narrowly exempting the Irish revolutionary Wolfe Tone, who was going to Philadelphia.[22]
Esperance was formally commissioned into the Royal Navy in August under Commander Jonas Rose.[1]
On 4 May 1796 Esperance was sailing in company with Spencer and Bonetta when they sighted a suspicious vessel.[23] Spencer set off in chase while shortly thereafter Esperance saw two vessels, a schooner and a sloop, and she and Bonetta set off after them. Spencer sailed south-southeast and the other two British vessels sailed southwest by west, with the result that they lost sight of each other. Spencer captured the French gun-brig Volcan, while Bonetta and Esperance captured the schooner Poisson Volant.[23]
Poisson Volant was sailing from Aux Cayes to New York and turned out to be the former HMS Flying Fish that two French privateers had captured in June 1795 while she was on her way to Jamaica.[24] At the time of her recapture she had some eight or ten days earlier met with the French ship Concorde. She was under the command of a sub-lieutenant from Concorde and had a crew of 38 men. Poisson Volant's crew had cut down her gunwales and thrown some of her guns overboard during the chase.[23]
Fate edit
Esperance arrived at Portsmouth on 3 November 1797 and was paid off.[1] On 31 May 1798 the Admiralty listed for sale "the Esperance Sloop, Burthen 3259⁄94 tons".[25] She was sold on 7 June 1798 for £600.[1]
Lloyd's Register edit
| Year | Name | Master | Owner | Trade | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1783 | Clementina | J. Elworthy | Thomas Moss & Co. | Liverpool - Africa | 280 tons (bm); American built, launched 1781 [2] |
| 1784 | Clementina | J. Elworthy | Thomas Moss & Co. | Liverpool - Africa | Ditto. |
| 1785 | Unavailable online | ||||
| 1786 | Ellis | Jn. Ford | Bent & Co. | Liverpool – Africa | 280 tons (bm); American built, launched 1781. Annotation: Florentine ’83 [3] Note: there is no Florentine in 1783. |
| 1787 | Ellis | J. Ford | Bent & Co. | Liverpool – Africa | 280 tons (bm); American built, launched 1781. |
| 1788 | Unavailable online | ||||
| 1789 | Ellis | J. Ford J. Mathews |
Bent & Co. | Africa – Liverpool Liverpool – Africa |
280 tons (bm); American built, launched 1781; almost rebuilt [4] |
| 1790 | Ellis | J. Matthews | R. Bent & Co. | Liverpool - Africa | 300 tons; American built, launched 1781 [5] |
| 1791 | Ellis | Matthews Illegible T. Gibbons |
Bent & Co. | Liverpool - Africa | Ditto. |
| 1792 | Ellis | T. Gibbons | R. Bent & Co. | Liverpool–Africa | 333 tons (bm); American built, launched 1781 [6] |
| 1793 | Ellis | Gibbons J. Leviston |
Bent & Co. | Liverpool –Africa | 333 tons (bm); American built, launched 1781; 6-pounder guns [7] |
Notes edit
Citations edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Winfield (2008), p. 257.
- ^ a b c Winfield & Roberts (2015), p. 175.
- ^ a b c d "Letter of Marque, p.61 - accessed 25 July 2017" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
- ^ Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Clementina voyage #80847.
- ^ Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Clementina voyage #80848.
- ^ Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Ellis voyage #81258.
- ^ Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Ellis voyage #81259.
- ^ Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Ellis voyage #81260.
- ^ Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Ellis voyage #81261.
- ^ Archives parlementaires de 1787 à 1860: recueil complet des débats..., p.751. [1]
- ^ Lloyd's List n°5233 - accessed 29 September 2015.
- ^ Roche (2005), p. 172.
- ^ Cauna (2004), p.144.
- ^ a b Bell (2007), p.108.
- ^ Leger (1907), p. 71.
- ^ Laurent-Ropa (1993), p.201.
- ^ Heinl et al. (2005), p.65.
- ^ a b c "No. 13799". The London Gazette. 25 July 1795. p. 780.
- ^ "No. 15086". The London Gazette. 4 December 1798. p. 1173.
- ^ a b President (1815), pp.38–9.
- ^ Pitt et al., (1875–93), p.445.
- ^ New Monthly Magazine, Volume 19, p. 487.
- ^ a b c "No. 13923". The London Gazette. 20 August 1796. p. 795.
- ^ "No. 13809". The London Gazette. 29 August 1795. p. 896.
- ^ "No. 15024". The London Gazette. 2 June 1798. p. 485.
References edit
- Bell, Madison Smartt (2007). Toussaint Louverture: a biography. Pantheon Books. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-375-42337-6. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
- Cauna, Jacques (2004). Toussaint Louverture et l'indépendance d'Haïti: témoignages pour un bicentenaire. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 978-2-84586-503-7. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
- Demerliac, Alain (1999). La Marine de la Révolution: Nomenclature des Navires Français de 1792 A 1799 (in French). Éditions Ancre. ISBN 2-906381-24-1.
- Heinl, Robert Debs; Heinl, Nancy Gordon; Heinl, Michael (November 2005). Written in blood: the story of the Haitian people, 1492–1995. University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-7618-3177-8. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
- Laurent-Ropa, Denis (1993). Haïti, une colonie française, 1625–1802 (in French). L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-7384-1838-8. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
- Léger, Jacques Nicolas (1907) Haiti, her history and her detractors. (New York, Washington, The Neale Pub. Co.).
- Palmer, William Pitt; Sherwin McRae; Raleigh Edward Colston; Henry W Flournoy; Virginia (1875–1893) "Calendar of Virginia State papers and other manuscripts : ... preserved in the Capitol at Richmond". (Richmond : R.F. Walker).
- Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours. Vol. 1. Group Retozel-Maury Millau. ISBN 978-2-9525917-0-6. OCLC 165892922. (1671-1870)
- United States. President.; United States. Dept. of State (1815) "State papers and publick documents of the United States from the accession of George Washington to the presidency, exhibiting a complete view of our foreign relations since that time ... ". (Boston, Printed and published by T.B. Wait & Sons).
- Winfield, Rif (2008), British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates, Seaforth, ISBN 978-1-86176-246-7
- Winfield, Rif; Roberts, Stephen S. (2015). French Warships in the Age of Sail 1786–1861: Design Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-204-2.