On 7 August 1942, US and Australian naval forces undertook the invasion of the Japanese-held islands of Guadalcanal and Tulagi in the lower Solomon Islands chain, the first Allied offensive in the Pacific Theatre. The landing of the US 1st Marine Division on the beaches of Savo Sound began the unexpectedly long and extremely arduous Guadalcanal Campaign, lasting officially until 9 February 1943.
The naval forces dedicated to Operation Watchtower were minuscule compared to those deployed for later Allied offensives such as the invasion of the Gilberts and the capture of Okinawa. This is owing to the commitment the United States had made to Great Britain to undertake the invasion of North Africa in the fall of 1942, a commitment which essentially left the Guadalcanal operation with the naval leftovers. For this reason, American sailors and Marines referred to the invasion as "Operation Shoestring".[1]
US Navy combat ships:
3 fleet carriers, 1 fast battleship, 9 heavy cruisers, 2 anti-aircraft light cruisers, 31 destroyers
Amphibious assault vessels:
13 transports, 6 attack cargo ships, 4 destroyer transports
Auxiliaries:
5 fast minesweepers, 5 oilers
Australian Navy combat ships:
2 heavy cruisers, 1 light cruiser
Command structure
edit
Theater command
editThe roles of Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas (CINCPOA) and Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet (CINCPAC), were both exercised by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz from his headquarters at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
Since the Solomons lie in the Southern Pacific, the landings of 7 August 1942 on Guadalcanal were the responsibility of the South Pacific Fleet, led by Vice Admiral Robert L. Ghormley from his headquarters at Noumea, New Caledonia.[2] Adm. Ghormley's pessimism, inadequate staff work and unwillingness to visit the front led Adm. Nimitz to replace him with the much more aggressive and hands-on Vice Admiral William F. Halsey on 18 October 1942.[3]
Operational command
editOperational command of the invasion was assigned to Vice Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher, who also had direct command of the covering force, designated Task Force 61, where he flew his flag aboard fleet carrier Saratoga. This embodiment of two levels of command in a single officer enabled a decision-making process that left the Marine forces on Guadalcanal essentially stranded and short-supplied. The amphibious forces, Task Force 62, were led by Rear Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner aboard transport McCawley.
Bitter disputes between the two men arose during both the planning and execution of the invasion over how long Fletcher's aircraft carriers would stay in the vicinity of Guadalcanal to provide air cover for the Marines ashore. Fletcher decided the matter after multiple assaults on the Allied amphibious task force by bombers from the Japanese base at Rabaul on D-Day and D+1. These attacks convinced Fletcher that his crucial aircraft carriers could not be risked in the waters of the Solomons any longer and he ordered his carriers along with Turner's still-half-full cargo ships out of the area on the night of 8 August. This decision resulted in much hard feeling among the Marines ashore, who felt that the Navy had abandoned them.
Forces afloat
editExpeditionary Force (Task Force 61)
editVice Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher
Air Support Force (Task Group 61.1)
_underway_at_sea_on_16_October_1942_(NH_97807).jpg)
Rear Admiral Leigh Noyes
- Task Unit under Vice Admiral Fletcher
- Vice Admiral Fletcher
- 1 fleet carrier
- Saratoga (Capt. DeWitt C. Ramsey)
- Air Group (Cmdr. Harry D. Felt)
- VF-5: 34 F4F Wildcat fighters (Lt. Cmdr. Leroy C. Sampler)
- VB-3: 18 SBD Dauntless dive bombers (Lt. Cmdr. Dewitt W. Shumway)
- VS-3: 18 SBD Dauntless scout bombers (Lt. Cmdr. Louis J. Kirn)
- VT-8: 16 TBF Avenger torpedo bombers (Lt. Harold H. Larsen)
- Air Group (Cmdr. Harry D. Felt)
- Saratoga (Capt. DeWitt C. Ramsey)
- 2 New Orleans-class heavy cruisers
- Minneapolis (Capt. Frank J. Lowry)
- New Orleans (Capt. Walter S. DeLany)
- Screen (Capt. Samuel B. Brewer)
- 1 Porter-class destroyer (8 × 5-in. main battery): Phelps
- 4 Farragut-class destroyers (5 × 5-in. main battery): Farragut, Macdonough, Dale, Worden
- 1 fleet carrier
- Task Unit from old Task Force 16
- Rear Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid
- 1 fleet carrier
- Enterprise (Capt. Arthur C. Davis)
- Air Group (Lt. Cmdr. Maxwell F. Leslie)
- VF-6: 36 F4F Wildcat fighters (Lt. Louis H. Bauer)
- VB-6: 18 SBD Dauntless dive bombers (Lt. Ray Davis)
- VS-5: 18 SBD Dauntless scout bombers (Lt. Turner F. Caldwell, Jr.)
- VT-3: 14 TBF Avenger torpedo bombers (Lt. Cmdr. Charles M. Jett)
- Air Group (Lt. Cmdr. Maxwell F. Leslie)
- Enterprise (Capt. Arthur C. Davis)
- 1 North Carolina-class fast battleship
- North Carolina (Capt. George H. Fort)
- 1 Portland-class heavy cruiser
- Portland (Capt. Laurance T. DuBose)
- 1 Atlanta-class anti-aircraft light cruiser[a]
- Atlanta (scuttled after heavy damage, 13 Nov 1942) (Capt. Samuel P. Jenkins)
- Screen (Capt. Edward P. Sauer)
- 2 Gleaves-class destroyers (5 × 5-in. main battery): Gwin (sunk 13 July 1943), Grayson
- 1 Gridley-class destroyer (4 × 5-in. main battery): Maury
- 1 Benham-class destroyer (4 × 5-in. main battery): Benham (sunk 15 Nov 1942)
- 1 Porter-class destroyer (8 × 5-in. main battery): Balch
- 1 fleet carrier
- Task Unit under Rear Admiral Noyes
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- Rear Admiral Noyes
- 1 fleet carrier
- Wasp (scuttled after being torpedoed, 15 Sep 1942) (Capt. Forrest P. Sherman)
- Air Group (Lt. Cmdr. Wallace M. Beakley)
- VF-71: 29 F4F Wildcat fighters (Lt. Cmdr. Courtney Shands)
- VS-71: 15 SBD Dauntless scout bombers (Lt. Cmdr. John Eldridge, Jr.[b])
- VS-72: 15 SBD Dauntless scout bombers (Lt. Cmdr. Ernest M. Snowden)
- VT-7: 9 TBF Avenger torpedo bombers (Lt. Henry A. Romberg)
- Air Group (Lt. Cmdr. Wallace M. Beakley)
- Wasp (scuttled after being torpedoed, 15 Sep 1942) (Capt. Forrest P. Sherman)
- 1 New Orleans-class heavy cruiser
- San Francisco (Capt. Charles H. McMorris)
- 1 Pensacola-class heavy cruiser
- Salt Lake City (Capt. Ernest G. Small)
- Screen (Capt. Robert G. Tobin)
- 2 Benson-class destroyers (4 × 5-in. main battery): Laffey (sunk 13 Nov 1942), Farenholt
- 1 Gleaves-class destroyer (4 × 5-in. main battery): Aaron Ward (sunk 7 Apr 1943)
- 3 Benham-class destroyers (4 × 5-in. main battery): Lang, Sterett, Stack
- 1 fleet carrier
South Pacific Amphibious Force (Task Force 62)
editRear Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner in transport McCawley
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.jpg)
- Convoy (Task Group 62.1)
- Captain Lawrence F. Reifsnider in transport Hunter Liggett
- Embarking
1st Marine Division (Maj. Gen. Alexander A. Vandegrift, USMC, Commander ground forces)
- Transport Group "X-Ray" – Guadalcanal Landings
- Captain Reifsnider
- Transport Division A (Capt. Paul S. Theiss)
- Embarking 5th Marines less 2nd Battalion (Col. LeRoy P. Hunt, USMC)
- Transport Division B (Capt. Charlie P. McFeaters)
- Embarking Division HQ and 1st Marines (Col. Clifton B. Cates, USMC)
- 3 transports: McCawley (sunk 30 Jun 1943), Barnett, George F. Elliott (sunk 8 Aug 1942)
- 1 attack cargo ship: Libra
- Transport Division C (Capt. Reifsnider)
- Embarking part of Support Group, Special Weapons Battalion, 5th Battalion / 11th Marines, part of 3rd Defense Battalion
- 1 transport: Hunter Liggett
- 3 attack cargo ships: Alchiba, Fomalhaut, Betelgeuse
- Transport Division D (Capt. Ingolf N. Kiland)
- Embarking 2nd Marines less 1st Battalion (Col. John M. Arthur, USMC)
- 3 transports: Crescent City, President Adams, President Hayes
- 1 attack cargo ship: Alhena
- Transport Group "Yoke" – Tulagi Landings
- Captain George B. Ashe
- Transport Division E (Capt. Ashe)
- Embarking 2nd Battalion / 5th Marines, 1st Battalion / 2nd Marines, 1st Parachute Battalion, Co. E / 1st Raider Battalion (Brig. Gen. William H. Rupertus, USMC)
- 4 transports: Neville, Zeilin, Heywood, President Jackson
- Transport Division 12 (Capt. Hugh W. Hadley)[c]
- Embarking 1st Raider Battalion less Co. E (Lt. Col. Merritt A. Edson, USMC)
- 4 destroyer transports: Colhoun (sunk 30 Aug 1942), Little (sunk 5 Sep 1942), McKean, Gregory (sunk 5 Sep 1942)
- Escort (Task Group 62.2)
_off_Tulagi,_7-8_August_1942_(AWM_P05292.016).jpg)
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- Rear Admiral Victor A.C. Crutchley, RN
- 3 heavy cruisers
- 1 light cruiser
Hobart (Capt. H.A. Showers, RAN)
- Screen (Capt. Cornelius W. Flynn)
- 1 Porter-class (8 × 5-in. main battery): Selfridge
- 8 Bagley-class (4 × 5-in. main battery): Bagley, Blue (sunk 22 August 1942), Helm, Mugford, Ralph Talbot, Henley (sunk 3 Oct 1943), Patterson, Jarvis (sunk 9 August 1942)[f]
- Fire Support Group L (Task Group 62.3)
- Captain Frederick L. Riefkohl[g]
- 3 heavy cruisers
- 2 New Orleans-class: Vincennes (sunk night of 8-9 Aug 1942) (Capt. Riefkohl), Quincy (sunk night of 8-9 Aug 1942) (Capt. Samuel N. Moore)[h]
- 1 Astoria-class: Astoria (sunk night of 8-9 Aug 1942) (Capt. William G. Greenman)
- 4 destroyers
- 2 Benham-class (4 × 5 in. main battery): Ellet, Wilson
- 2 Farragut-class (4 × 5 in. main battery): Hull, Dewey (Lt. Cmdr. Charles F. Chillingworth, Jr.)
- 3 heavy cruisers
- Fire Support Group M (Task Group 62.4)
- Rear Admiral Norman Scott[i]
- 1 anti-aircraft light cruiser (Atlanta class)[j]
- San Juan (Capt. James E. Maher)
- 2 destroyers (both Gleaves-class (5 × 5-in. main battery, then 4 × 5-in.)
- 1 anti-aircraft light cruiser (Atlanta class)[j]
Notes
edit- ^ These cruisers were intended as destroyer leaders when designed. After the first two to be used in this role, Atlanta and Juneau, were lost at the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, this mission was rejected and the anti-aircraft mission adopted.[4]
- ^ Killed during campaign
- ^ Killed in action when Little was sunk by Japanese destroyers on 5 September
- ^ Killed at Battle of Savo Island, 9 August 1942
- ^ Committed suicide upon learning he would be held partially responsible for the disaster at the Battle of Savo Island.
- ^ Sunk by air attack following Battle of Savo Island, Lt. Cmdr. Graham had had all lifeboats and rafts removed to save weight, so there were no survivors; the Jarvis was one of only two US vessels lost with all hands during the war.[5]
- ^ First Puerto Rican to graduate from US Naval Academy; relieved following disastrous Battle of Savo Island and never held another sea command
- ^ Killed at Battle of Savo Island, 9 August 1942
- ^ Killed at Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, 13 November 1942
- ^ These cruisers were intended as destroyer leaders when designed. After the first two to be used in this role, Atlanta and Juneau, were lost at the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, this mission was rejected and the anti-aircraft mission adopted.[6]
References
editBibliography
edit- Morison, Samuel Eliot (1949). Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942 – August 1942. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IV. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. ISBN 0-3165-8304-9.
- Morison, Samuel Eliot (1948). The Struggle for Guadalcanal, August 1942 – February 1943. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. V. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. ISBN 0-7858-1306-3.
- Silverstone, Paul H. (1970). U.S. Warships of World War II. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co. ISBN 0-8702-1773-9.
- Stille, Mark (2016). US Navy Light Cruisers, 1941-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4728-1140-0.