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The Grenada Basin is an 11–15 km thick back-arc sedimentary basin located in the southeastern region of the Caribbean Sea. It is bordered by the Lesser Antilles in the north, south, and east, and the Aves Ridge in the west.
Geologic setting edit
The Grenada Basin has no active spreading center. The basin geology is influence by the interactions between the Caribbean Plate and the North and South American Plates. The eastern edge of the Caribbean plate is marked by subduction zones, with the North American plate and South American plate subducting beneath the Caribbean plate. The Caribbean plate is currently migrating eastward at 20mm/yr relative to the North and South American plates.[1] The morphology of the basin floor is divided into 2 regions, the northern and southern. The northern regions is described as "rugged, with a system of spurs and valleys running down from the Lesser Antilles arc" [2] and the southern region is characterized by smooth, near horizontal surfaces. The morphology of the north is due to its proximity to the North American-Caribbean subduction zone. The basin itself is tectonically stable with earthquakes occurring outside the basin. Most earthquakes are concentrated north of the basin, near Martinique and Dominica, and occur at depths between 5–150 km.[3]
Tectonic history edit
The Caribbean plate is a large igneous providence (LIP) composed of flood basalt that is believed to have come from the eastern Pacific oceanic plateau. The Caribbean LIP eventually separated from the Pacific plate and wandered eastward to its current position between 100-70 million years ago.[4] The basins of the region, which include the Venezuelan, Grenada, and Tobago Trough, may have been one continuous basin, but the creation of the Avez Ridge, a now extinct volcanic arc, divided the region, creating the Venezuelan Basin and the Grenada Basin. Another volcanic arc, the Lesser Antilles, later separated the Grenada Basin from the Tobago Basin.[5]
It is also proposed that the basin was formed during the early Cenozoic. Some models suggest basin formation by north-south extension or east-west extension.[6]
East-west extension edit
This extension model is described by an eastward shift of the North American-Caribbean subduction zone, followed by a westward shift of the Aves Ridge.
North-south extension edit
This extension model is described by an oblique convergence of the South American plate and the Caribbean plate, causing the basin to be formed by right lateral shear.
Depositional history edit
Basin structure can only be inferred though seismic surveys as the basin has yet to be drilled. Aiken proposes that the basin is divided into 3 megasequences.[5] Sediment grouped in Megasequence 1 was deposited in the Paleogene and was primarily sourced from South America and the Aves Ridge Sediment grouped in Megasequence 2 was deposited in the early to mid-Miocene and was also sourced from South America. Sediment from Megasequence 3 was deposited during the and was sourced from the Lesser Antilles and pelagic sediment.[5]
References edit
- ^ Pérez, Omar J.; Bilham, Roger; Bendick, Rebecca; Velandia, José R.; Hernández, Napoleón; Moncayo, Carlos; Hoyer, Melvin; Kozuch, Mike (2001-08-01). "Velocity field across the Southern Caribbean Plate Boundary and estimates of Caribbean/South-American Plate Motion using GPS Geodesy 1994-2000". Geophysical Research Letters. 28 (15): 2987–2990. Bibcode:2001GeoRL..28.2987P. doi:10.1029/2001gl013183. ISSN 0094-8276.
- ^ Bouysse, Philippe (June 1988). "Opening of the Grenada back-arc Basin and evolution of the Caribbean plate during the Mesozoic and early Paleogene". Tectonophysics. 149 (1–2): 121–143. Bibcode:1988Tectp.149..121B. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(88)90122-9. ISSN 0040-1951.
- ^ Bird, Dale E.; Hall, Stuart A.; Casey, John F.; Millegan, Patrick S. (October 1993). "Interpretation of magnetic anomalies over the Grenada Basin". Tectonics. 12 (5): 1267–1279. Bibcode:1993Tecto..12.1267B. doi:10.1029/93tc01185. ISSN 0278-7407.
- ^ M., Nairn, Alan E. (1975). The Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. Stehli, Francis G. Boston, MA: Springer US. ISBN 9781468485356. OCLC 853257823.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Aitken, Trevor; Mann, Paul; Escalona, Alejandro; Christeson, Gail L. (January 2011). "Evolution of the Grenada and Tobago basins and implications for arc migration". Marine and Petroleum Geology. 28 (1): 235–258. doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.10.003. ISSN 0264-8172.
- ^ Pindell, James L.; Barrett, Stephen F. (1990). The Caribbean Region. Guatemala City, Guatemala: Geological Society of America. pp. 405–432. doi:10.1130/dnag-gna-h.405. ISBN 0813752124.