Geletrol is the trade name for a form of aluminium oleate, a chemical substance of chemical formula (C18H33O2)2AlOH and empirical formula (C18H33O2)1,7Al(OH)1,3. It is an amorphous solid derived from aluminum hydroxide and oleic acid, non-uniformly composed.[1]
It was employed during World War II as a fuel thickener for incendiary purposes by the Australian army.[1]
History edit
Research into a gasoline thickener was started in 1943 in Maribyrnong, Victoria, at the suggestion of the Chemical Defense Board. Various substances, mainly metallic soaps, were tried. There was no conclusion to the investigation, and it was then abandoned for a time.[2]
The investigation was resumed when the U.S. Army discovered that the employment of thickened fuel was highly effective in neutralizing Japanese bunkers.[2]
In early 1944, representatives of the Australian Army requested from the Lubricants and Bearings Section through the Scientific Liaison Bureau that some considered methods of gelling gasoline for flamethrower fuels.[2]
The American and British armies had different methods of preparing fuels for flamethrowers. The British army developed a specific form of aluminum stearate that required a specialized process to manufacture its incendiary fuel. The British process prepared two types of incendiary fuels:[3]
- Fuel for portable flamethrowers: Lower viscosity fuel contained in 8-gallon imperial drums.
- Fuel for mechanized flamethrowers: Higher viscosity fuel contained in 45-gallon imperial drums.
The "British method" was considered unsuitable for Australian purposes. The Australian method required fuel to be prepared in the field by treating ordinary gasoline. The gelling agent, called napalm, employed by the US Army met these requirements, but was not available in quantity to the Army, and the materials used in the preparation of napalm were not procurable. The problem, therefore, was to develop a suitable and simple method with local materials.[3]
Information obtained from the Vacuum Oil Company has shown that metal oleates can be suitable thickeners. As a preliminary investigation, about 20 soaps of oleic acid of different basicities were tested. The preliminary result showed that the only suitable oleate was mono- and dihydroxylated aluminum oleate.[3] Research continued on the development of this form of aluminum oleate, in order to find the best degree of substitution of functional groups.[1]
The thickener was adopted in October 1944.[4] The first use of the thickener was in portable flamethrowers (M1 and M2). Later, the Department of Munitions produced a mechanised flame-thrower capable of being mounted on tanks. The flamethrower was adapted for the matilda tank. Flame-throwers were used by Australian troops in New Guinea, Balikpapan, Bougainville and Borneo in 1945. The employment of the thickener was requested in tons per week.[2]
Manufacturing of geletrol was done locally by Fletcher Chemical Company of Melbourne, and Robert Corbett Pty Ltd of Sydney. It was produced in two sized proportions: 20-pound cans for mechanized flamethrowers and 2-pound cans for portable flamethrowers.[4]
Preparation edit
It is designed to be produced on a full scale from a double displacement reaction between the respective soap with caustic excess and an aluminum salt at 60-80 degrees Celsius. Aluminum oleate containing 10-11% Al2O3 provides the best overall gelling and handling properties.[5] Due to the presence of unsaturated bonding, the product is susceptible to oxidation, requiring the intimate addition of an antioxidant, usually beta and/or alpha-naphthol.[3]
The preparation of the geletrol involves variables, these related to chemistry. When pure reagents is used, the ideal caustic excess is 83.74%. When applied under the influence of the variables, the caustic excess is 85 to >100%.[5]
External links edit
- PACIFIC ISLAND WARFARE (Film). British Pathé. 1945. 1161.12.
Employment of geletrol by matilda "frog" and M2 flamethrower. Man burned alive by geletrol.
References edit
- ^ a b c Journal of the Institute of Petroleum. 1947. Vol 33. pp 120-121.
- ^ a b c d AUSTRALIA IN THE WAR OF 1939-1945. SERIES FOUR: CIVIL. VOLUME V: THE ROLE OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY. pp 379-380
- ^ a b c d E. M. Hamilton. Commonwealth of Australia. Journal of the C.S.I.R. Vol 19, 1946. No. 2. pp 153-156.
- ^ a b "Flamethrowers. Hated feared and used by all". www.diggerhistory.info. Retrieved 2023-02-19.
- ^ a b Ottilia De Marco; Giorgio Nebbia. Pubblicazione dell'Istituto di Merceologia, Università di Bari. June 1979.