The Goldreich–Goldwasser–Halevi (GGH) lattice-based cryptosystem is an asymmetric cryptosystem based on lattices. There is also a GGH signature scheme.
The Goldreich–Goldwasser–Halevi (GGH) cryptosystem makes use of the fact that the closest vector problem can be a hard problem. This system was published in 1997 by Oded Goldreich, Shafi Goldwasser, and Shai Halevi, and uses a trapdoor one-way function which relies on the difficulty of lattice reduction. The idea included in this trapdoor function is that, given any basis for a lattice, it is easy to generate a vector which is close to a lattice point, for example taking a lattice point and adding a small error vector. But to return from this erroneous vector to the original lattice point a special basis is needed.
The GGH encryption scheme was cryptanalyzed (broken) in 1999 by Phong Q. Nguyen . Nguyen and Oded Regev had cryptanalyzed the related GGH signature scheme in 2006.
Operation
editGGH involves a private key and a public key.
The private key is a basis of a lattice with good properties (such as short nearly orthogonal vectors) and a unimodular matrix .
The public key is another basis of the lattice of the form .
For some chosen M, the message space consists of the vector in the range .
Encryption
editGiven a message , error , and a public key compute
In matrix notation this is
- .
Remember consists of integer values, and is a lattice point, so v is also a lattice point. The ciphertext is then
Decryption
editTo decrypt the ciphertext one computes
The Babai rounding technique will be used to remove the term as long as it is small enough. Finally compute
to get the messagetext.
Example
editLet be a lattice with the basis and its inverse
- and
With
- and
this gives
Let the message be and the error vector . Then the ciphertext is
To decrypt one must compute
This is rounded to and the message is recovered with
Security of the scheme
editIn 1999, Nguyen [1] showed that the GGH encryption scheme has a flaw in the design. He showed that every ciphertext reveals information about the plaintext and that the problem of decryption could be turned into a special closest vector problem much easier to solve than the general CVP.
References
edit- ^ Phong Nguyen. Cryptanalysis of the Goldreich-Goldwasser-Halevi Cryptosystem from Crypto '97. CRYPTO, 1999
Bibliography
edit- Goldreich, Oded; Goldwasser, Shafi; Halevi, Shai (1997). "Public-key cryptosystems from lattice reduction problems". CRYPTO '97: Proceedings of the 17th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology. London: Springer-Verlag. pp. 112–131.
- Nguyen, Phong Q. (1999). "Cryptanalysis of the Goldreich–Goldwasser–Halevi Cryptosystem from Crypto '97". CRYPTO '99: Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology. London: Springer-Verlag. pp. 288–304.
- Nguyen, Phong Q.; Regev, Oded (11 November 2008). "Learning a Parallelepiped: Cryptanalysis of GGH and NTRU Signatures" (PDF). Journal of Cryptology. 22 (2): 139–160. doi:10.1007/s00145-008-9031-0. eISSN 1432-1378. ISSN 0933-2790. S2CID 2164840.Preliminary version in EUROCRYPT 2006.