Wikipedia

Frances Fong

Frances Fong (born Frances Chung; September 22, 1927 – October 24, 2012)[1] was an American singer and actress whose performing career spanned over fifty years.

Frances Fong
Fong in Women in the Night (1948)
Born
Frances Chung

(1927-09-22)September 22, 1927
Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.
DiedOctober 24, 2012(2012-10-24) (aged 85)
EducationRoosevelt High School, Honolulu
Alma materLong Beach City College
Occupation(s)Singer, Actress
Years active1945–1999
Spouses
  • Leslie Howard Fong
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1946; div. 1949)​
  • George Kim Fong
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1950; died 2012)​
Children3

Early life edit

She was born Frances Chung[fn 1] in Honolulu, in what was then the Territory of Hawaii.[2] Her parents, Francis Chung and Emma Leong Chung, were both born in Hawaii to immigrants from China.[2] She had one older brother.[3] Her father started as an electrician repairing appliances in a shop, and later became an executive of a lumber company.[3][4] When the children were old enough for school, her mother worked as a packer in a pineapple cannery.[3] English was Frances Chung's only language growing up.[5]

Frances Chung attended Kalihi-weana Elementary, Kalakaua Junior High, and Roosevelt High School.[6] At Roosevelt she was active in student government, volunteered in the school library, and was a member of the A Cappella Choir and Swim Club.[7] She also belonged to the school's Allied Youth Organization, for which she was vice-president. During high school Frances Chung took part in USO entertainments in Hawaii, and performed in a continuing community variety show called "The Gay Nineties".[6]

After graduating from Roosevelt High School in June 1945,[8] she attended Long Beach City College (LBCC) on the mainland, studying Dramatics.[6]

MGM contract edit

After just a few weeks at LBCC, Frances Chung was in a show for war workers at Douglas Aircraft Corporation.[9] Francis Lederer spotted her and brought her to the attention of MGM scouts, who had her tested for a part in Holiday in Mexico.[6] She got the part and a contract, though her performance wound up on the cutting room floor.[10]

She continued to use Frances Chung as billing for all movies she made while under contract to MGM from 1945 thru 1948, despite having been married in May 1946. She was first loaned to 20th Century for an uncredited bit in Anna and the King of Siam.[6] She was then loaned to Universal for a thirteen part serial, Lost City of the Jungle, her first credited part. Back at MGM in 1947, she was in Dark Delusion (sometimes mistakenly cited as Dark Illusion). For 1948 she was loaned out again, to Paramount for Saigon. Her final film in 1948 may have been done after her MGM contract finished, an independent production titled Women in the Night. A mildly lurid melodrama, it did provide her with screen credit and newspaper publicity.[11][12]

Film, TV, and singing edit

Following 1948 she had no film roles for seven years. She joined a twelve-piece band called "The Cathayans", doing lead vocals for engagements at the St. Francis Hotel and other San Francisco venues.[9][13][14] During winter 1953-54 she entered a contest for Miss Chinese New Year Festival, the winner to be determined by which contestant sold the most festival entry tickets.[fn 2][9] Though not a beauty contest, a photo of her and two other contestants was widely circulated among newspapers around the country.[15]

The publicity led to Frances Fong (as she now billed herself) obtaining parts in at least four episodes of The New Adventures of China Smith during 1954. Her first television work, this series set in Singapore and nearby locales used her in different roles rather than as a recurring character. This led to her next film, Soldier of Fortune, a Hong Kong-based story starring Clark Gable.[14] She didn't receive screen credit, but was mentioned favorably in newspaper reviews.[16] She had another uncredited role in Hell on Frisco Bay (working title The Darkest Hour) which was filmed in April and May 1955, but not released until 1956.[17] Fong had another uncredited bit part in Around the World in 80 Days, plus appearances on television series Navy Log and Cavalcade of America during 1956.

Nightclub work edit

During 1956 Fong created a nightclub act that played for nineteen months at the New Frontier and seven months at the Thunderbird.[18] The act was built around her singing, with some sultry dance routines and jokes added. She was top billed at San Francisco's Forbidden City during the last quarter of 1958,[19] with local columnists noting whenever she temporarily left to film a show in Hollywood.[20] Fong herself described her routine to an interviewer: "I wear sleek gowns, sing sexy songs. The women don't like it, but the men do."[18] An example of her repartee between the songs and dances: "All I ever meet are Cads driving Jags".[21]

For all her engagements, Fong's contract allowed her time off for television work. Her nightclub wardrobe enhanced her value for television roles in which she played an entertainer.[22] While still at Forbidden City she started working for Warner Brothers Television, doing episodes of 77 Sunset Strip and Lawman. For the former, she was required to speak Chinese over the phone. Since she didn't know the language she started taking lessons, to which fact publicity agents tipped reporters.[5]

TV work 1959-1961 edit

By January 1959 Fong had quit nightclub work in favor of television. For the next three years she had parts in a dozen different TV series, some of them for multiple episodes. She had been cast for recurring roles in two series, Shark Street and Brady, but after filming the pilot episodes both shows remained unsold.[18] Some of the shows she did appear in such as Peter Gunn, Hawaiian Eye, Bachelor Father, and Perry Mason were quite popular, so that she felt it worthwhile to purchase a modest second home in Van Nuys instead of commuting from San Francisco and staying in hotels.[18]

However, she also did a number of short-lived and single season shows: Yancy Derringer, 21 Beacon Street, Johnny Midnight, The Case of the Dangerous Robin, and Mr. Garlund which only lasted seven episodes. With no series regular or recurring roles on the horizon, Fong decided to take a chance on performing live again, this time in theatre.

Pajama Tops edit

From June 1962 Fong was involved with a touring company production of the French farce Pajama Tops. So far as is known, this was her only appearance on the stage. The play, adapted from Moumou by Jean de Létraz, had been running steadily for five years in small Los Angeles theaters with an ever-changing cast. Producers Stan Seiden and Zev Buffman decided to take it on tour, beginning with the Moore Theatre in Seattle. That city was then hosting the World's Fair, ensuring large visiting crowds.

The action centered around three "couples" at a Deauville country house, with a diminutive police inspector as odd man out. The touring company cast was small, just seven actors, with John Agar and June Wilkinson as the stars. Fong, as the ambitious maid "Claudine", Cliff Halle, Leslie Vallen, Brad Logan, and Don McArt completed the cast, while Richard Vath directed the action. The broad comedy included many intentional prop mishaps and stage miscues, delighting audiences and appalling critics. After nine SRO weeks in Seattle, the company moved to Miami's Coconut Grove Playhouse, where it set performance records with another nine week run.[23] From there it went to Pittsburgh's Nixon Theatre, then to Kingston, Jamaica, St. Louis, Kansas City, Baltimore, and other cities for two and three week runs.[24][25][26][27]

The year-long tour playing what was essentially a burlesque given a veneer of stage legitimacy took its toll on the players. Director Richard Vath had to take over Agar's part and James Winslow replaced Logan as the butler "Jacques". Fong and Wilkinson had reportedly stopped speaking to each other off-stage.[28] Finally, in a reversal of the usual process, the comedy went to Broadway in late May 1963, where it had 4 previews and 52 performances at the Winter Garden Theatre.[29][30] Towards the end of the run, Wilkinson deliberately upstaged Fong during the latter's big scene, causing a backstage brawl that left the stage manager, who unwisely tried to intervene, with a sore jaw.[28][31]

Pajama Tops had occupied over a year of Fong's career and given her the cachet of a Broadway production, albeit one that a critic said "may set the theater back a few millenium".[24] It had also taken her away from Hollywood and television; her last two TV episodes had been filmed in 1961[fn 3] and it would be 1965 before she returned to the small screen.

Later career edit

Fong returned to television in 1965, doing two or three series episodes or TV movies each year up to 1982, when her small screen work became much more intermittent. She was now a character actor rather than a leading lady. She had a small part in the John Wayne film Hellfighters during 1968. She was credited with doing three movies in the 1970s and 1980s, Golden Needles, Dragon Force, and Bruce Lee's Dragons Fight Back that may actually have been performed by a much younger Hong Kong based actress with the same name. This may also have been the case with a 1990 episode of a Hong Kong made British television series Yellowthread Street.

Her last film was a bit part in 1998 for Rush Hour, while her last television work was a year later for Martial Law.

Fong died on October 24, 2012; the place and cause of death are not public knowledge.

Personal life edit

Growing up in Honolulu, Frances Chung was known as a strong swimmer and body surfer. She also liked fishing and sea diving, both of which she was taught by her father.[32] She was fond of Russian cuisine and became adept at cooking it.[33] She took part in a charity auto race and rally along with other celebrities in 1962.[34]

When Frances Chung was first signed to an MGM contract in 1945, she met actor Leslie Fong, who had just appeared in Tokyo Rose.[6] They were married May 18, 1946 in San Francisco, where Fong's family owned a men's clothing store.[35][36] The couple had two sons, both of whom went into acting: Leslie Howard Fong Jr and Brian Fong (Chase). While married to Leslie Fong, Frances Chung continued to use her birth name for professional credits. The couple divorced after the birth of their second son.

Frances Chung then met and married George Kim Fong, a CPA and USAAF veteran from Oakland, California.[9] They had one son together and maintained a primary residence in San Francisco. It was only after this second marriage that she switched to using "Frances Fong" for professional billing. George and Frances Fong shared an interest in Chinese ceramics; they donated their large collection to the Berkeley Art Museum in 1996.[37]

Filmography edit

Film (by year of first release)
Year Title Role Notes
1946 Holiday in Mexico Chinese Girl Uncredited bit as daughter of Chinese Ambassador was cut during editing[6][10]
Anna and the King of Siam Uncredited bit part[6]
Lost City of the Jungle Lakana Shan
1947 Dark Delusion Toots Uncredited
1948 Saigon Chinese Nurse Uncredited
Women in the Night Li Ling A feature role as one of six women in Axis captivity[11][12]
1955 Soldier of Fortune Maxine Chan Uncredited but publicized role as American-educated Chinese girl[14][16]
1956 Hell on Frisco Bay Uncredited role as a hepcat[17]
Around the World in 80 Days Uncredited
1968 Hellfighters Madame Loo Small part has her as a distraction to John Wayne's marriage[38]
1974 Golden Needles Su Lin
1982 Dragon Force Su Lim
1985 Bruce Lee's Dragons Fight Back
1998 Rush Hour Socialite
Television (in original broadcast order)
Year Series Episode Role Notes
1954 The New Adventures of China Smith The Yellow Jade Lion Mai Lin
The Broken Rice Bowl of Chen Lo Precious Star Fong plays a blind girl[39]
Nightmare in Green
Spectacles of Heaven Takes place in a Siamese province[40]
1956 Navy Log Operation Typewriter Miss Ling Episode set in China during World War II[41]
Cavalcade of America Diplomatic Outpost Miss Lou
1958 Tombstone Territory Tong War Mei Long Fong spurns Tong leader for Lum Chen (James Hong)[42]
State Trooper The Case of the Happy Dragon Mei Ling Kam
The Adventures of McGraw[fn 4] The Long Aloha Mrs. Soong [43]
77 Sunset Strip The Well-Selected Frame Lotus Wong Fong gets to show off her swimming for Roger Smith[44]
Lawman The Intruders May Ling She plays widow of slain man (Philip Ahn)[45]
1959 Peter Gunn Lady Windbell's Fan Lillian Quon [46]
Yancy Derringer The Quiet Firecracker Ruby
21 Beacon Street The Trojan Horse Lao Fong played a secretary for an import company[47]
1960 Bachelor Father Bentley and the Bartered Bride Delores Wong Peter Fong (Sammee Tong) wants her to be his bride[48]
Bachelor Father Bentley, the Model Citizen Anna May
Johnny Midnight The Impresario Mikito
Bachelor Father A Man of Importance Susie
Mr. Garlund (Pilot) This series lasted just six episodes on CBS[18]
1961 Perry Mason The Case of the Waylaid Wolf Frances Kim
Hawaiian Eye Dragon Road Poppy Shu She plays a kidnapped fashion model in Hong Kong[49]
The Case of the Dangerous Robin Falling Star Domenique Chan Fong plays Eurasian film star murdered in an insurance fraud[50]
Hawaiian Eye Thomas Jefferson Chu Lisa Chu She plays a Taiwanese night club singer, sister of the title character (George Takei)[51]
1962 The Beachcomber The Day of the Whale Kina
Flight to Freedom Ilana
1965 Run for Your Life The Voice of Gina Milan Mitzi Kuan
My Three Sons The Hong Kong Story Lucy Odd casting has Fong play old flame to Uncle Charley (William Demarest)[fn 5][52]
1966 The Man From U.N.C.L.E. The Abominable Snowman Affair Baku's Mother [53]
1967 Gomer Pyle: USMC You Bet Your Won Ton Mrs. Wong Fong's restaurant conceals a gambling den[54]
The F.B.I. By Force and Violence: Part 1 Becky Lee Fong plays a secretary[55]
By Force and Violence: Part 2 Becky Lee
1968 It Takes a Thief When Good Friends Get Together Madame Chen Fong plays a diplomat's wife[56]
1969 The Name of the Game The Incomparable Connie Walker Arlene
Family Affair Number One Boy Batty Ng
1970 Bewitched Samantha's Better Halves Mrs. Tanaka
Mod Squad A Town Called Sincere Sergeant Imoto
1972 Anna and the King The Baby Kralahome's Wife
The Chimes Man-Yah
Mod Squad The Twain Landlady
1974 Judge Dee and the Monastery Murders (TV Movie) Mrs. Pao
Kung Fu A Small Beheading Woman
1975 Harry O For the Love of Money Maid
Kung Fu One Step to Darkness Nurse
1976 M*A*S*H Bug Out Rosie Fong plays a Korean tavern owner[57]
All in the Family Archie's Operation Part 2 Nurse
1977 Panic in Echo Park (TV Movie) This was a pilot for a proposed series[58]
M*A*S*H Fallen Idol Rosie Fong reprised her character from previous year[59]
Mary Jane Harper Cried Last Night (TV Movie) Ivy Chin
1979 CHiPs Rally 'Round the Bank 1st Teller
Breaking Up Is Hard to Do (TV Movie) Nurse Grant Another nurse bit in this four hour two part TV movie[60]
Hart to Hart The Man with the Jade Eyes Shopkeeper
1980 Stone Deep Sleeper
1981 Twirl (TV Movie) Mrs. King Fong plays mother of baton twirler (Rosalind Chao)[61]
1982 Bring 'Em Back Alive The Best of Enemies Alice Wong
1990 Yellowthread Street Fan Tan Man Mo Fay This was a British series made in Hong Kong
1999 Martial Law End Game Kai Lee

Notes edit

  1. ^ Mainland newspapers routinely cited her family name as "Ching", but Hawaiian newspapers, government and school records show it as "Chung"
  2. ^ The rules were evidently flexible as to marital status
  3. ^ These were episodes of The Beachcomber, filmed on location in Florida to mimic the South Pacific
  4. ^ This series was also known as Meet McGraw when rebroadcast in later years
  5. ^ Demarest was 35 years older than Fong

References edit

  1. ^ Frances Fong in the U.S., Social Security Death Index, 1935-2014, retrieved from Ancestry.com
  2. ^ a b Frances Chung in the 1930 United States Federal Census, Hawaii Territory > Honolulu > Honolulu > District 0076, retrieved from Ancestry.com
  3. ^ a b c 1940 United States Federal Census for Frances Chung, Hawaii Territory > Honolulu > Honolulu > 2-132, retrieved from Ancestry.com
  4. ^ "Ching, Francis Tin Hoon (obituary)". Honolulu Star Bulletin. Honolulu, Hawaii. November 15, 1962. p. 52 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ^ a b "Learning Chinese". The Boston Globe. Boston, Massachusetts. November 30, 1958. p. 94 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h "Film Studio Contract Awarded to Frances Chung, Island Girl". Honolulu Star Bulletin. Honolulu, Hawaii. December 12, 1945. p. 118 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. ^ Frances Chung in U.S., School Yearbooks, 1900-1999, Hawaii > Honolulu > Roosevelt High School > 1945, retrieved from Ancestry.com
  8. ^ "Mainland Bound". Honolulu Star Bulletin. Honolulu, Hawaii. July 11, 1945. p. 14 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ^ a b c d "Former Honoluluan Is Queen Candidate in San Francisco". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Honolulu, Hawaii. December 29, 1953. p. 21 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ^ a b "'Forever Amber' Starts; Costumes Are Conservative". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Honolulu, Hawaii. November 5, 1946 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. ^ a b Cameron, Kate (January 11, 1948). "'Best Years' Tops At Box Office". Daily News. New York City, New York. p. 406 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ^ a b "Current Cinema". Orlando Evening-Star. Orlando, Florida. July 14, 1948. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. ^ "Former Oahuan Enters San Francisco Contest". Honolulu Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaii. December 29, 1953. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. ^ a b c "Chinese Singer Loves 'Gable'". Miami News. Miami, Florida. May 22, 1955. p. 20 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ^ "Gung Hay Fat Choy! (caption)". The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, Tennessee. January 25, 1954. p. 24 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. ^ a b Cullison, Art (May 29, 1955). "Earnest K. Gann Pens Hit Again". Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. p. 22 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ^ a b "Chinese Beauty Plays Hepcat". Mirror News. Los Angeles, California. May 31, 1955. p. 24 – via Newspapers.com.
  18. ^ a b c d e Rich, Allen (October 4, 1961). "Curvy Frances Fong Crashes TV". Valley Times. North Hollywood, California. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. ^ Paul, Ivan (September 20, 1958). "Around Town". San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ^ Frishman, Paul (November 6, 1958). "Bay Land". San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. ^ Paul, Ivan (November 15, 1958). "Around Town". San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.
  22. ^ Mayer, Phil (June 9, 1961). "Karate in Hollywood". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Honolulu, Hawaii. p. 16 – via Newspapers.com.
  23. ^ Muir, Helen (November 1, 1962). "'Pajama Tops' Sets Record". The Miami News. Miami, Florida. p. 15 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. ^ a b Fanning, Win (November 28, 1962). "'Pajama Tops', a Farce, Opens Nixon Engagement". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 17 – via Newspapers.com.
  25. ^ "French Farce Teams Agar, Wilkinson". St. Louis Globe-Democrat. St. Louis, Missouri. December 22, 1962. p. 39 – via Newspapers.com.
  26. ^ "Agar Co-Star at Music Hall". Kansas City Star. Kansas City, Missouri. January 20, 1963. p. 84 – via Newspapers.com.
  27. ^ "French Farce Booked Two Weeks at Ford's". Baltimore Sun. Baltimore, Maryland. April 7, 1963. p. 58 – via Newspapers.com.
  28. ^ a b Watt, Douglas (July 4, 1963). "Small World". Daily News. New York City, New York. p. 87 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. ^ Glover, William (June 1, 1963). "Critic Finds Last Play Cheerful". Poughkeepsie Journal. Poughkeepsie, New York. p. 12 – via Newspapers.com.
  30. ^ "Pajama Tops". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved February 26, 2022.
  31. ^ "Cliff Hall Succeeds in Broadway Appearance". Post and News Chronicle. Benkelman, Nebraska. September 5, 1963. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
  32. ^ Hardie, Jim (October 25, 1962). "Actress Casts Line, Fish Bite on Cue". The Miami News. Miami, Florida. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com.
  33. ^ Paul, Ivan (November 8, 1958). "Around Town". San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.
  34. ^ "Many Top Celebrities to be at ABC (ad)". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. June 14, 1962. p. 123 – via Newspapers.com.
  35. ^ "Marriage Licenses Issued". San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. May 18, 1946. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.
  36. ^ "Honolulu Actress Wed in Hollywood". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Honolulu, Hawaii. August 21, 1946. p. 24 – via Newspapers.com.
  37. ^ "University Art Museum, Berkeley". San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. June 14, 1996. p. 47 – via Newspapers.com.
  38. ^ "'The Conqueror Worm' Turns". The Tennessean. Nashville, Tennessee. December 15, 1968 – via Newspapers.com.
  39. ^ "Saturday Oct 5 (TV listings)". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. September 29, 1957. p. 213 – via Newspapers.com.
  40. ^ "Tuesday, Aug 14 (TV Listings)". The Record. Hackensack, New Jersey. August 11, 1962. p. 46 – via Newspapers.com.
  41. ^ "'Navy Log' Will Present Thriller". The Coshocton Democrat. Coshocton, Ohio. January 14, 1956. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
  42. ^ ""Tong War" Feb. 5 "Tombstone" Feature". Lincoln Shopping News. Lincoln, Nebraska. February 5, 1958. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  43. ^ "Three's Company (photo caption)". El Paso Times. El Paso, Texas. March 16, 1958. p. 26 – via Newspapers.com.
  44. ^ "Friday TV, Nov. 28". Camden Post. Camden, New Jersey. November 2, 1958. p. 27 – via Newspapers.com.
  45. ^ "Weekend Television Programs". Los Angeles Evening Citizen-News. Hollywood, California. December 6, 1958. p. 12 – via Newspapers.com.
  46. ^ "Oriental Touch (photo caption)". News Journal. Mansfield, Ohio. May 10, 1959. p. 64 – via Newspapers.com.
  47. ^ "Beauteous Chinese (photo caption)". The Tampa Tribune. Tampa, Florida. November 8, 1959. p. 16 – via Newspapers.com.
  48. ^ "Television Programs". Los Angeles Evening Citizen News. Hollywood, California. January 21, 1960. p. 24 – via Newspapers.com.
  49. ^ "Wednesday April 5 Evening (TV listings)". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. April 2, 1961. p. 438 – via Newspapers.com.
  50. ^ "Monday April 5 Evening (TV listings)". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. June 4, 1961. p. 487 – via Newspapers.com.
  51. ^ "Wednesday, October 25 (TV listings)". The Record. Hackensack, New Jersey. October 21, 1961. p. 49 – via Newspapers.com.
  52. ^ "Tonight's TV Previews". Orlando Sentinel. Orlando, Florida. December 9, 1965. p. 22 – via Newspapers.com.
  53. ^ "Friday's Best". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. May 6, 1967. p. 95 – via Newspapers.com.
  54. ^ "Wednesday, January 25 (TV listings)". Press-Telegram. Long Beach, California. January 22, 1967. p. 88 – via Newspapers.com.
  55. ^ "'The FBI' Opens Two-Part Drama". Hartford Courant. Hartford, Connecticut. October 22, 1963. p. 163 – via Newspapers.com.
  56. ^ "Good Friends Get Together". Fort Lauderdale News. Fort Lauderdale, Florida. March 1, 1968. p. 70 – via Newspapers.com.
  57. ^ "'M*A*S*H' Filming Is Under Way". Merced Sun-Star. Merced, California. July 17, 1976. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com.
  58. ^ Henniger, Paul (June 10, 1977). "ABC pilot focuses on minority doctor". The Journal News. White Plains, New York. p. 19 – via Newspapers.com.
  59. ^ "After a Tiff". Green Bay Press-Gazette. Green Bay, Wisconsin. September 25, 1977. p. 94 – via Newspapers.com.
  60. ^ Rosenberg, Howard (September 5, 1979). "Beach-Bawling Bingo, '70s Style". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. p. 102 – via Newspapers.com.
  61. ^ Buck, Jerry (October 19, 1981). "'Twirl' Tells of Competition". Oroville Mercury Register. Oroville, California. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.

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