The fim switch in Escherichia coli is the mechanism by which the fim gene cluster, encoding Type I Pili,[1] is transcriptionally controlled.
These pili are virulence factors involved in adhesion, especially important in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. The gene undergoes phase variation mediated via two recombinases and is a model example of site specific inversion.
Structure and mechanism of phase variation edit
The operon consists of the promoter region fim S, the main constituent fim A, its gene product forming a rod like structure and fim H, coding for an adhesin at the tip, to name just a few important elements. The fim S region is flanked by 9bp repeats that are mirror images of each other.[2] These mirror images serve as substrates for two ATP-dependent recombinases, fim B and fim E. These recombinases can invert the orientation of the fim S region and only one orientation allows for 3' to 5' transcription.[citation needed]
fim B "flips" the promoter region both ways, from the "on" position to the "off" position and vice versa, whereas fim E can only facilitate recombination from "on" to "off". This equilibrium, shifted towards maintaining the "off" position, due to higher fim E activity,[3] serves as a mode of expressing pili only when adhesion is needed. Another level of transcriptional control in E. coli is mediated by the sensitivity of the recombinases to pH and osmolarity,[4] further ensuring appropriate expression levels of type-I pili, given the stark differences in osmolarity inside and outside an animal's body. Type-I pili are expressed by many species of Enterobacteriaceae. The transcriptional control can differ widely between species,[5] in Salmonella typhimurium, for example much influence is exerted by a leucine-responsive regulatory protein and there is no fim S element.[5]
References edit
- ^ Klemm, P (1986). "Two regulatory fim genes, fimB and fimE, control the phase variation of type 1 fimbriae in Escherichia coli". The EMBO Journal. 5 (6): 1389–1393. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04372.x. ISSN 0261-4189. PMC 1166953. PMID 2874022.
- ^ Abraham, J. M.; Freitag, C. S.; Clements, J. R.; Eisenstein, B. I. (1985). "An invertible element of DNA controls phase variation of type 1 fimbriae of Escherichia coli". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 82 (17): 5724–5727. Bibcode:1985PNAS...82.5724A. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.17.5724. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 390624. PMID 2863818.
- ^ Holden, Nicola; Blomfield, Ian C.; Uhlin, Bernt-Eric; Totsika, Makrina; Kulasekara, Don Hemantha; Gally, David L. (Dec 2007). "Comparative analysis of FimB and FimE recombinase activity". Microbiology. 153 (Pt 12): 4138–4149. doi:10.1099/mic.0.2007/010363-0. ISSN 1350-0872. PMID 18048927.
- ^ Schwan, William R.; Lee, Jeffrey L.; Lenard, Farrah A.; Matthews, Brian T.; Beck, Michael T. (2002). "Osmolarity and pH Growth Conditions Regulate fim Gene Transcription and Type 1 Pilus Expression in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli". Infection and Immunity. 70 (3): 1391–1402. doi:10.1128/IAI.70.3.1391-1402.2002. ISSN 0019-9567. PMC 127777. PMID 11854225.
- ^ a b McFarland, Kirsty A.; Lucchini, Sacha; Hinton, Jay C. D.; Dorman, Charles J. (2008). "The Leucine-Responsive Regulatory Protein, Lrp, Activates Transcription of the fim Operon in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium via the fimZ Regulatory Gene". Journal of Bacteriology. 190 (2): 602–612. doi:10.1128/JB.01388-07. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 2223685. PMID 17981960.