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Fast Ethernet

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In computer networking, Fast Ethernet physical layers carry traffic at the nominal rate of 100 Mbit/s. The prior Ethernet speed was 10 Mbit/s. Of the Fast Ethernet physical layers, 100BASE-TX is by far the most common.

Intel PRO/100 Fast Ethernet NIC, a PCI card

Fast Ethernet was introduced in 1995 as the IEEE 802.3u standard[1] and remained the fastest version of Ethernet for three years before the introduction of Gigabit Ethernet.[2] The acronym GE/FE is sometimes used for devices supporting both standards.[3]

Nomenclature

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The 100 in the media type designation refers to the transmission speed of 100 Mbit/s, while the BASE refers to baseband signaling. The letter following the dash (T or F) refers to the physical medium that carries the signal (twisted pair or fiber, respectively), while the last character (X, 4, etc.) refers to the line code method used. Fast Ethernet is sometimes referred to as 100BASE-X, where X is a placeholder for the FX and TX variants.[4]

General design

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Fast Ethernet is an extension of the 10-megabit Ethernet standard. It runs on twisted pair or optical fiber cable in a star wired bus topology, similar to the IEEE standard 802.3i called 10BASE-T, itself an evolution of 10BASE5 (802.3) and 10BASE2 (802.3a). Fast Ethernet devices are generally backward compatible with existing 10BASE-T systems, enabling plug-and-play upgrades from 10BASE-T. Most switches and other networking devices with ports capable of Fast Ethernet can perform autonegotiation, sensing a piece of 10BASE-T equipment and setting the port to 10BASE-T half duplex if the 10BASE-T equipment cannot perform autonegotiation itself. The standard specifies the use of CSMA/CD for media access control. A full-duplex mode is also specified and in practice, all modern networks use Ethernet switches and operate in full-duplex mode, even as legacy devices that use half duplex still exist.

A Fast Ethernet adapter can be logically divided into a media access controller (MAC), which deals with the higher-level issues of medium availability, and a physical layer interface (PHY). The MAC is typically linked to the PHY by a four-bit 25 MHz synchronous parallel interface known as a media-independent interface (MII), or by a two-bit 50 MHz variant called reduced media independent interface (RMII). In rare cases, the MII may be an external connection but is usually a connection between ICs in a network adapter or even two sections within a single IC. The specs are written based on the assumption that the interface between MAC and PHY will be an MII but they do not require it. Fast Ethernet or Ethernet hubs may use the MII to connect to multiple PHYs for their different interfaces.

The MII fixes the theoretical maximum data bit rate for all versions of Fast Ethernet to 100 Mbit/s. The information rate actually observed on real networks is less than the theoretical maximum, due to the necessary header and trailer (addressing and error-detection bits) on every Ethernet frame, and the required interpacket gap between transmissions.

Copper

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100BASE-T is any of several Fast Ethernet standards for twisted pair cables,[dubious – discuss] including: 100BASE-TX (100 Mbit/s over two-pair Cat5 or better cable), 100BASE-T4 (100 Mbit/s over four-pair Cat3 or better cable, defunct), 100BASE-T2 (100 Mbit/s over two-pair Cat3 or better cable, also defunct). The segment length for a 100BASE-T cable is limited to 100 metres (328 ft) (the same limit as 10BASE-T and gigabit Ethernet). All are or were standards under IEEE 802.3 (approved 1995). Almost all 100BASE-T installations are 100BASE-TX.

Comparison of twisted-pair-based Ethernet physical transport layers (TP-PHYs)[5]
Name Standard Status Speed (Mbit/s) Pairs required Lanes per direction Bits per hertz Line code Symbol rate per lane (MBd) Bandwidth (MHz) Max distance (m) Cable Cable rating (MHz) Usage
100BASE-TX 802.3u-1995 current 100 2 1 3.2 4B5B MLT-3 NRZI 125 31.25 100 Cat 5 100 LAN
100BASE-T1 802.3bw-2015 (CL96) current 100 1 1 2.66 PAM-3 4B/3B 75 37.5 15 Cat 5e 66 Automotive, IoT, M2M
100BASE-T2 802.3y-1997 obsolete 100 2 2 4 LFSR PAM-5 25 12.5 100 Cat 3 16 Market failure
100BASE-T4 802.3u-1995 obsolete 100 4 3 2.66 8B6T PAM-3 Half-duplex only 25 12.5 100 Cat 3 16 Market failure
100BaseVG 802.12-1995 obsolete 100 4 4 1.66 5B6B Half-duplex only 30 15 100 Cat 3 16 Market failure
8P8C wiring (ANSI/TIA-568 T568A)
Pin Pair Wire Color
1 3 +/tip   white/green
2 3 −/ring   green
3 2 +/tip   white/orange
4 1 +/ring   blue
5 1 -/tip   white/blue
6 2 −/ring   orange
7 4 +/tip   white/brown
8 4 −/ring   brown


8P8C wiring (ANSI/TIA-568 T568B)
Pin Pair Wire Color
1 2 +/tip   white/orange
2 2 −/ring   orange
3 3 +/tip   white/green
4 1 +/ring   blue
5 1 -/tip   white/blue
6 3 −/ring   green
7 4 +/tip   white/brown
8 4 −/ring   brown

100BASE-TX

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3Com 3C905B-TX 100BASE-TX PCI network interface card

100BASE-TX is the predominant form of Fast Ethernet, and runs over two pairs of wire inside a Category 5 or above cable. Cable distance between nodes can be up to 100 metres (328 ft). One pair is used for each direction, providing full-duplex operation at 100 Mbit/s in each direction.

Like 10BASE-T, the active pairs in a standard connection are terminated on pins 1, 2, 3 and 6. Since a typical Category 5 cable contains four pairs and the performance requirements of 100BASE-TX do not exceed the capabilities of even the worst-performing pair, one typical cable can carry two 100BASE-TX links with a simple wiring adaptor on each end.[6] Cabling is conventionally wired to one of ANSI/TIA-568's termination standards, T568A or T568B. 100BASE-TX uses pairs 2 and 3 (orange and green).

The configuration of 100BASE-TX networks is very similar to 10BASE-T. When used to build a local area network, the devices on the network (computers, printers etc.) are typically connected to a hub or switch, creating a star network. Alternatively, it is possible to connect two devices directly using a crossover cable. With today's equipment, crossover cables are generally not needed as most equipment supports auto-negotiation along with auto MDI-X to select and match speed, duplex and pairing.

With 100BASE-TX hardware, the raw bits, presented 4 bits wide clocked at 25 MHz at the MII, go through 4B5B binary encoding to generate a series of 0 and 1 symbols clocked at a 125 MHz symbol rate. The 4B5B encoding provides DC equalization and spectrum shaping. Just as in the 100BASE-FX case, the bits are then transferred to the physical medium attachment layer using NRZI encoding. However, 100BASE-TX introduces an additional, medium-dependent sublayer, which employs MLT-3 as a final encoding of the data stream before transmission, resulting in a maximum fundamental frequency of 31.25 MHz. The procedure is borrowed from the ANSI X3.263 FDDI specifications, with minor changes.[7]

100BASE-T1

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For broader coverage of this topic, see Ethernet over twisted pair § Single-pair.

In 100BASE-T1[8] the data is transmitted over a single copper pair, 3 bits per symbol, each transmitted as code pair using PAM3. It supports full-duplex transmission. The twisted-pair cable is required to support 66 MHz, with a maximum length of 15 m. No specific connector is defined. The standard is intended for automotive applications or when Fast Ethernet is to be integrated into another application. It was developed as Open Alliance BroadR-Reach (OABR) before IEEE standardization.[9]

100BASE-T2

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100BASE-T2 symbols to PAM-5 line modulation level mapping
Symbol Line signal level
000 0
001 +1
010 −1
011 −2
100 (ESC) +2

In 100BASE-T2, standardized in IEEE 802.3y, the data is transmitted over two copper pairs, but these pairs are only required to be Category 3 rather than the Category 5 required by 100BASE-TX. Data is transmitted and received on both pairs simultaneously[10] thus allowing full-duplex operation. Transmission uses 4 bits per symbol. The 4-bit symbol is expanded into two 3-bit symbols through a non-trivial scrambling procedure based on a linear-feedback shift register.[11] This is needed to flatten the bandwidth and emission spectrum of the signal, as well as to match transmission line properties. The mapping of the original bits to the symbol codes is not constant in time and has a fairly large period (appearing as a pseudo-random sequence). The final mapping from symbols to PAM-5 line modulation levels obeys the table on the right. 100BASE-T2 was not widely adopted but the technology developed for it is used in 1000BASE-T.[5]

100BASE-T4

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100BASE-T4 was an early implementation of Fast Ethernet. It required four twisted copper pairs of voice grade twisted pair, a lower-performing cable compared to Category 5 cable used by 100BASE-TX. Maximum distance was limited to 100 meters. One pair was reserved for transmit and one for receive, and the remaining two switched direction. The fact that three pairs were used to transmit in each direction made 100BASE-T4 inherently half-duplex. Using three cable pairs allowed it to reach 100 mbps while running at lower carrier frequencies, which allowed it to run on older cabling that many companies had recently installed for 10BASE-T networks.

A very unusual 8B6T code was used to convert 8 data bits into 6 base-3 digits (the signal shaping is possible as there are nearly three times as many 6-digit base-3 numbers as there are 8-digit base-2 numbers). The two resulting 3-digit base-3 symbols were sent in parallel over three pairs using 3-level pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM-3).

100BASE-T4 was not widely adopted but some of the technology developed for it is used in 1000BASE-T.[5] Very few hubs were released with 100BASE-T4 support. Some examples include the 3com 3C250-T4 Superstack II HUB 100, IBM 8225 Fast Ethernet Stackable Hub[12] and Intel LinkBuilder FMS 100 T4.[13][14] The same applies to network interface controllers. Bridging 100BASE-T4 with 100BASE-TX required additional network equipment.

100BaseVG

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Main article: 100BaseVG

Proposed and marketed by Hewlett-Packard, 100BaseVG was an alternative design using category 3 cabling and a token concept instead of CSMA/CD. It was slated for standardization as IEEE 802.12 but it quickly vanished when switched 100BASE-TX became popular. The IEEE standard was later withdrawn.[15]

VG was similar to T4 in that it used more cable pairs combined with a lower carrier frequency to allow it to reach 100 mbps on voice-grade cables. It differed in the way those cables were assigned. Whereas T4 would use the two extra pairs in different directions depending on the direction of data exchange, VG instead used two transmission modes. In one, control, two pairs are used for transmission and reception as in classic Ethernet, while the other two pairs are used for flow control. In the second mode, transmission, all four are used to transfer data in a single direction. The hubs implemented a token passing scheme to choose which of the attached nodes were allowed to communicate at any given time, based on signals sent to it from the nodes using control mode. When one node was selected to become active, it would switch to transfer mode, send or receive a packet, and return to control mode.[15]

This concept was intended to solve two problems. The first was that it eliminated the need for collision detection and thereby reduced contention on busy networks. While any particular node may find itself throttled due to heavy traffic, the network as a whole would not end up losing efficiency due to collisions and the resulting rebroadcasts. Under heavy use, the total throughput was increased compared to the other standards. The other was that the hubs could examine the payload types and schedule the nodes based on their bandwidth requirements. For instance, a node sending a video signal may not require much bandwidth but will require it to be predictable in terms of when it is delivered. A VG hub could schedule access on that node to ensure it received the transmission timeslots it needed while opening up the network at all other times to the other nodes. This style of access was known as demand priority.[15]

Fiber optics

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Fiber variants use fiber-optic cable with the listed interface types. Interfaces may be fixed or modular, often as small form-factor pluggable (SFP).

Legend for fibre-based PHYs[5]
Fibre type Introduced Performance
MMF FDDI 62.5/125 µm 1987 0160 MHz·km @ 850 nm
MMF OM1 62.5/125 µm 1989 0200 MHz·km @ 850 nm
MMF OM2 50/125 µm 1998 0500 MHz·km @ 850 nm
MMF OM3 50/125 µm 2003 1500 MHz·km @ 850 nm
MMF OM4 50/125 µm 2008 3500 MHz·km @ 850 nm
MMF OM5 50/125 µm 2016 3500 MHz·km @ 850 nm + 1850 MHz·km @ 950 nm
SMF OS1 9/125 µm 1998 1.0 dB/km @ 1300/1550 nm
SMF OS2 9/125 µm 2000 0.4 dB/km @ 1300/1550 nm
Name Standard Status Media Connector Transceiver
Module 		Reach
in m 		#
Media
(⇆) 		#
Lambdas
(→) 		#
Lanes
(→) 		Notes
Fast Ethernet – (Data rate: 100 Mbit/s – Line code: 4B5B × NRZI – Line rate: 125 MBd – Full-Duplex / Half-Duplex)
100BASE‑FX 802.3u-1995
(CL24/26) 		current fiber
1300 nm 		ST
SC
MT-RJ
MIC (FDDI) 		— FDDI: 2k (FDX) 2 1 1 max. 412 m for half-duplex connections to ensure collision detection;
specification largely derived from FDDI.
Modal bandwidth: 800 MHz·km [16][17]
OM1: 4k
50/125: 5k
100BASE‑LFX proprietary
(non IEEE) 		current fiber
1310 nm 		LC (SFP)
ST
SC 		SFP OM1: 2k 2 1 1 vendor-specific
FP laser transmitter
Full-duplex
Modal bandwidth: 800 MHz·km [18]
OM2: 2k
62.5/125: 4k
50/125: 4k
OSx: 40k[17]
100BASE-SX TIA-785
(2000) 		legacy fiber
850 nm 		ST
SC
LC 		— OM1: 300 2 1 1 optics sharable with 10BASE-FL, thus making it possible to have an auto-negotiation scheme and use 10/100 fiber adapters.
OM2: 300
100BASE-LX10 802.3ah-2004
(CL58) 		phase-out fiber
1310 nm 		LC SFP OSx: 10k 2 1 1 full-duplex only
100BASE-BX10 phase-out fiber
TX: 1310 nm
RX: 1550 nm 		OSx: 40k 1 full-duplex only;
optical multiplexer used to split TX and RX signals into different wavelengths.

Fast Ethernet SFP ports

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Fast Ethernet speed is not available on all SFP ports,[19] but supported by some devices.[20][21] An SFP port for Gigabit Ethernet should not be assumed to be backwards compatible with Fast Ethernet.

Optical interoperability

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To have interoperability there are some criteria that have to be met:[22]

100BASE-X Ethernet is not backward compatible with 10BASE-F and is not forward compatible with 1000BASE-X.

100BASE-FX

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100BASE-FX is a version of Fast Ethernet over optical fiber. The 100BASE-FX physical medium dependent (PMD) sublayer is defined by FDDI's PMD,[24] so 100BASE-FX is not compatible with 10BASE-FL, the 10 Mbit/s version over optical fiber.

100BASE-FX is still used for existing installation of multimode fiber where more speed is not required, like industrial automation plants.[17]

100BASE-LFX

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100BASE-LFX is a non-standard term to refer to Fast Ethernet transmission. It is very similar to 100BASE-FX but achieves longer distances up to 4–5 km over a pair of multi-mode fibers through the use of Fabry–Pérot laser transmitter[25] running on 1310 nm wavelength. The signal attenuation per km at 1300 nm is about half the loss of 850 nm.[26][27]

100BASE-SX

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100BASE-SX is a version of Fast Ethernet over optical fiber standardized in TIA/EIA-785-1-2002. It is a lower-cost, shorter-distance alternative to 100BASE-FX. Because of the shorter wavelength used (850 nm) and the shorter distance supported, 100BASE-SX uses less expensive optical components (LEDs instead of lasers).

Because it uses the same wavelength as 10BASE-FL, the 10 Mbit/s version of Ethernet over optical fiber, 100BASE-SX can be backward-compatible with 10BASE-FL. Cost and compatibility makes 100BASE-SX an attractive option for those upgrading from 10BASE-FL and those who do not require long distances.

100BASE-LX10

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100BASE-LX10 is a version of Fast Ethernet over optical fiber standardized in 802.3ah-2004 clause 58. It has a 10 km reach over a pair of single-mode fibers.

100BASE-BX10

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100BASE-BX10 is a version of Fast Ethernet over optical fiber standardized in 802.3ah-2004 clause 58. It uses an optical multiplexer to split TX and RX signals into different wavelengths on the same fiber. It has a 10 km reach over a single strand of single-mode fiber.

100BASE-EX

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100BASE-EX is very similar to 100BASE-LX10 but achieves longer distances up to 40 km over a pair of single-mode fibers due to higher quality optics than a LX10, running on 1310 nm wavelength lasers. 100BASE-EX is not a formal standard but industry-accepted term.[28] It is sometimes referred to as 100BASE-LH (long haul), and is easily confused with 100BASE-LX10 or 100BASE-ZX because the use of -LX(10), -LH, -EX, and -ZX is ambiguous between vendors.

100BASE-ZX

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100BASE-ZX is a non-standard but multi-vendor[29][better source needed] term to refer to Fast Ethernet transmission using 1,550 nm wavelength to achieve distances of at least 70 km over single-mode fiber. Some vendors specify distances up to 160 km over single-mode fiber, sometimes called 100BASE-EZX. Ranges beyond 80 km are highly dependent upon the path loss of the fiber in use, specifically the attenuation figure in dB per km, the number and quality of connectors/patch panels and splices located between transceivers.[30]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ It may possible for certain types of optics to work with a mismatch in wavelength.[23]

References

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  1. ^ IEEE 802.3u-1995. IEEE. October 26, 1995. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.1995.7974916. ISBN 978-0-7381-0276-4.
  2. ^ H. Frazier (2002) [1998]. "The 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet Standard". IEEE Network. 12 (3). IEEE: 6–7. doi:10.1109/65.690946.
  3. ^ "OC3/STM1 GE/FE Module Combination - ERX 10.3.x Module Guide". Juniper Networks.
  4. ^ "Cisco 100BASE-X Small Form-Factor Pluggable Modules for Fast Ethernet Applications Data Sheet". Cisco.
  5. ^ a b c d Charles E. Spurgeon (2014). Ethernet: The Definitive Guide (2nd ed.). O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-1-4493-6184-6.
  6. ^ "CAT5E Adapters" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-07. Retrieved 2012-12-17.
  7. ^ "The 100BASE-TX PMD (and MDI) is specified by incorporating the FDDI TP-PMD standard, ANSI X3.263: 1995 (TP-PMD), by reference, with the modifications noted below." (section 25.2 of IEEE802.3-2002).
  8. ^ IEEE 802.3bw-2015 Clause 96
  9. ^ Junko Yoshida (2015-12-01). "Driven by IEEE Standards, Ethernet Hits the Road in 2016". EETimes. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
  10. ^ Robert Breyer and Sean Riley (1999). Switched, Fast, and Gigabit Ethernet. Macmillan Technical Publishing. p. 107.
  11. ^ IEEE 802.3y
  12. ^ "IBM 8225 Fast Ethernet Stackable Hub Hardware Announcement". IBM. May 28, 1996.
  13. ^ "3Com Product End of Sale dates" (PDF). Hewlett Packard Enterprise.
  14. ^ "Intel Express 100BASE-T4 User's Manual". Manualzz.
  15. ^ a b c "ANSI/IEEE 802.12-1995". IEEE Standards Association. Archived from the original on April 19, 2014. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
  16. ^ "Introduction To Fast Ethernet" (PDF). Contemporary Control Systems, Inc. 2001-11-01. Retrieved 2018-08-25.
  17. ^ a b c "Datasheet for EDS-408A-MM-ST". MOXA. 2019-08-06.
  18. ^ "Datasheet for SFP-1FE Series" (PDF). MOXA. 2018-10-12. Retrieved 2020-03-21.
  19. ^ "Cisco 350 Series Data Sheet". Cisco. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  20. ^ "Cisco 100BASE-X SFP Data Sheet". Cisco. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  21. ^ "FS GLC-GE-100FX Transceiver". FS. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  22. ^ "Fiber incompatabilities? – Ars Technica OpenForum". arstechnica.com. 2006-06-06. Retrieved 29 March 2020.[self-published source?]
  23. ^ "Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Optical Networking – But Were Afraid to Ask" (PDF). archive.nanog.org. Richard A Steenbergen. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  24. ^ IEEE 802.3 clause 26.2 Functional specifications
  25. ^ "Datasheet for SFP-100FX-31". FS.com. Retrieved 2020-03-21.
  26. ^ "Knowledge Base Fiber". Fluke Networks. 28 February 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  27. ^ "Differences between OM1, OM2, OM3, OM4, OS1, OS2 fiber optic cable nomenclatures" (PDF). stl.tech. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  28. ^ "GLC-FE-100EX 100BASE-EX SFP (mini-GBIC) Transceiver". FS.com. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  29. ^ "FS-GLC-FE-100ZX 100BASE-ZX". FS.com. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  30. ^ "SFP15160FE0B / SFP / 100BASE-eZX". Skylane Optics. Archived from the original on August 19, 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
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