Bubalus murrensis, also known as European water buffalo, is an extinct buffalo species native to Europe during the Pleistocene epoch, possibly persisting into the Holocene. It was a close relative of both the wild and domestic water buffalo, and may have contributed to some European breeds of water buffalo.
| Bubalus murrensis Temporal range:
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Family: | Bovidae |
| Subfamily: | Bovinae |
| Genus: | Bubalus |
| Species: | †B. murrensis
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| Binomial name | |
| †Bubalus murrensis Berckhemer 1927
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Description
editOnly skulls have been unambiguously attributed to the species, as no complete skeletons have been found and it is difficult to distinguish postcranial bones between different bovine species. The occipital region of the skull as well as the horn cores protrude backwards. Unlike modern water buffalo, but similar to extinct Chinese Pleistocene species of Bubalus like Bubalus wansjocki, the horn cores have a triangular rather than rounded cross section, with the upper surface of the horn cores typically forming a flat plain that is continuous with the skull surface.[1] A skull found in Rhineland-Palatinate (Germany) had a width of 107 cm.[2]
Distribution and habitat
editFossils of Bubalus murrensis are known from the late Middle Pleistocene (from around 400,000 years ago) onwards, typically during interglacial periods.[3]
The European water buffalo occurred in river valleys. Remains are very rare. The majority of finds have come from along the Rhine, Elbe and Murr in Germany and the Netherlands. Isolated specimens have also been found between the Atlantic coast of France in the west and the central part of the East European Plain in the east.[1][4] It lived in muddy and swampy terrain.[5][6] Bubalus murrensis could not tolerate long-lasting episodes of frost and was therefore absent in Central Europe during the glacial periods. During the interglacial periods like the Eemian it occurred together with other species of the interglacial faunal assemblage, including the straight-tusked elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus), Merck's rhinoceros (Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis), fallow deer (Dama dama), aurochs (Bos primigenius) and the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius),[7][8][9] though other authors have argued that there is no unambiguous evidence for B. murrensis in Europe during the Eemian.[1] It has been argued that the Pontic-Caspian Steppe represented a center of B. murrensis' distribution in Europe, where the species may have survived during the cold periods and spread from there to the rest of Europe during the interglacial periods.[3]
Extinction and potential late survival
edit
Previously, the latest finds of Bubalus murrensis were dated to the last interglacial (known as MIS 5 or Eemian) of Central Europe, and it was therefore assumed to have become extinct sometime during the subsequent last Ice Age, similar to other representatives of the interglacial Palaeoloxodon fauna (such as the straight-tusked elephant, Merck's rhinoceros, the narrow-nosed rhinoceros (Stephanorhinus hemitoechus) and the hippopotamus). However, due to the general dearth of remains of the species, this assumption was purely speculative. In the meantime, a well preserved skull has been found in the East European Plain near Kolomna in Moscow Oblast, Russia, attesting to its presence in this region around 12,761 years Before Present. This is over 100,000 years after the next youngest record of the species and moves its suggested date of extinction to the Bølling–Allerød interstadial or younger, around the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary.[10][3]
Some researchers believe that the species may have also persisted in southern Europe, possibly even into the Neolithic period. Evidence of this is twofold; archeological and genetic. A relief from the Fourneau du Diable, Bourdeilles, Dordogne, France, was interpreted as a depiction of water buffalo due to the combination of backward-facing horns, a pronounced dewlap and a characteristic dorsal line and dated to around 16,000 years Before Present.[11] Bones tentatively identified as belonging to water buffalo and dated to the earliest Neolithic have been found in the Pannonian basin. However, their identification is aggravated by the fact that the postcrania of bubaline and bovinian cattle, fragmentary ones in particular, are not easily distinguishable and neither horns nor crania have been found.[12] Finally, the globally unique genetic make-up of traditional water buffalo breeds such as the Italian Mediterranean buffalo and the Romanian buffalo could indicate that wild water buffalo from Europe were involved in breed formation, which would also point to late survival.[13] The extinction of B. murrensis, if it indeed occurred before the Neolithic, was probably caused either by the rapid cooling of the Younger Dryas, causing aridification, or by human hunting, or by a combination of both factors.[3]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c v. Koenigswald, Wighart; Schwermann, Achim H.; Keiter, Mark; Menger, Frank (2019). "First evidence of Pleistocene Bubalus murrensis in France and the stratigraphic occurrences of Bubalus in Europe". Quaternary International. 522: 85–93. Bibcode:2019QuInt.522...85K. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2019.06.019. ISSN 1040-6182. S2CID 197559857.
- ^ Naturhistorisches Museum Mainz/Landessammlung für Naturkunde Rheinland-Pfalz (2009): Jahresbericht des Museums und der Landessammlung 2008. Wissenschaftliche Sammlungen.. Mitteilungen der Rheinischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 30: 52-54. Mainz. (german)
- ^ a b c d Vislobokova, Innessa A.; Lopatin, Alexey V.; Tarasenko, Konstantin K.; Ziegler, Reinhard (10 February 2021). "An unexpected record of an extinct water buffalo Bubalus murrensis (Berckhemer, 1927) in the Last Glacial in Europe and its implication for dispersal pattern of this species". Quaternary International. 574: 127–136. Bibcode:2021QuInt.574..127V. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.12.020. ISSN 1040-6182. S2CID 230559949.
- ^ Vislobokova, I. A.; Tarasenko, K. K; Lopatin, A. V. (2020). "The first discovery of european water buffalo Bubalus murrensis in the late Pleistocene of the Russian Plain". Proceedings of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Life Sciences. 491: 125-129 (in Russian).
- ^ Wighart von Koenigswald: Exoten in der Großtierfauna des letzten Interglazials von Mitteleuropa. Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart 41, 1991, S. 70–84
- ^ Van Dam, I. (1997). "De eerste vondst van de Europese waterbuffel, Bubalus murrensis (Berckhemer, 1927) in Nederland". Cranium. 14: 49–54.
- ^ Pushkina, Diana (2007). "The Pleistocene easternmost distribution in Eurasia of the species associated with the Eemian Palaeoloxodon antiquus assemblage" (PDF). Mammal Review. 37 (3): 224–245. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2007.00109.x.
- ^ Kolfschoten, Th. van (May 2000). "The Eemian mammal fauna of central Europe" (PDF). Netherlands Journal of Geosciences. 79 (2–3): 269–281. Bibcode:2000NJGeo..79..269V. doi:10.1017/S0016774600021752.
- ^ Baumgart, B. (1997). "Vor- und nacheiszeitliche Großtiere in Mitteleuropa und ihre Einpassung in das Ökosystem - Stand der Projektentwicklung zum Großtierschutzgebiet Teltow-Fläming". Brandenburgische Umweltberichte: 118–129.
- ^ Vislobokova, I. A.; Tarasenko, K. K.; Lopatin, A. V. (1 June 2020). "First Discovery of the European Buffalo Bubalus murrensis (Artiodactyla, Bovidae) from the Pleistocene of the Russian Plain". Doklady Biological Sciences. 491 (1): 31–34. doi:10.1134/S001249662002012X. ISSN 0012-4966. PMID 32483703.
- ^ Krawczynski, R. (2013). “Die potentiell natürliche megafauna Europas” in Nationalpark-Jahrbuch Unteres Odertal 9 Nationalparkstiftung Unteres Odertal, ed. A. Vössing, (Schwedt: Schloss Criewen), 29–40.
- ^ Pucher, E. (1991): Erstnachweis des Europäischen Wildesels (Equus hydruntinus Regalia, 1907) im Holozän Österreichs. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 92:31-48.
- ^ Noce, Antonia; Qanbari, Saber; González-Prendes, Rayner; Brenmoehl, Julia; Luigi-Sierra, María Gracia; Theerkorn, Michael; Fiege, Marc-André; Pilz, Heike; Bota, Adrian; Vidu, Livia; Horwath, Csaba; Haraszthy, László; Penchev, Pencho; Ilieva, Yordanka; Peeva, Tzonka (22 January 2021). "Genetic Diversity of Bubalus bubalis in Germany and Global Relations of Its Genetic Background". Frontiers in Genetics. 11. doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.610353. ISSN 1664-8021. PMC 7863760. PMID 33552127.